Table 2.

Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the contribution of protein intake to transitions between FFS states and to death over 5 years

	Increase of 1 g/kg aBW/d		≥0.8 g/kg aBW/d		≥1 g/kg aBW/d
	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI
Robust → pre-frail (n = 111)
Model 1a	0.99	0.51–1.93	0.75	0.48–1.19	1.29	0.89–1.88
Model 2b	0.96	0.49–1.87	0.75	0.47–1.20	1.30	0.89–1.91
Model 3c	0.87	0.37–2.04	0.69	0.41–1.16	1.32	0.87–2.00
Pre-frail → frail (n = 173)
Model 1a	0.43	0.25–0.74	0.58	0.41–0.81	0.64	0.46–0.89
Model 2b	0.44	0.25–0.77	0.60	0.43–0.84	0.63	0.44–0.90
Model 3c	0.71	0.36–1.41	0.67	0.45–0.99	0.78	0.53–1.17
Pre-frail → robust (n = 37)
Model 1a	1.25	0.48–3.21	0.87	0.37–2.01	1.76	0.84–3.68
Model 2b	1.16	0.45–2.97	0.81	0.34–1.91	1.74	0.82–3.68
Model 3c	0.85	0.24–3.07	0.65	0.25–1.69	1.65	0.70–3.87
Pre-frail → dead (n = 140)
Model 1a	1.80	0.91–3.59	1.30	0.45–3.73	2.41	0.88–6.62
Model 2b	1.81	0.86–3.81	1.17	0.47–2.95	2.69	0.78–9.25
Model 3c	1.02	0.37–2.85	1.74	0.21–14.36	2.70	0.61–11.95
Frail → pre-frail (n = 49)
Model 1a	1.02	0.38–2.75	0.70	0.36–1.36	1.20	0.66–2.18
Model 2b	0.99	0.37–2.68	0.64	0.32–1.28	1.20	0.66–2.19
Model 3c	0.79	0.21–2.92	0.48	0.21–1.12	1.20	0.61–2.34
Frail → dead (n = 142)
Model 1a	0.60	0.34–1.06	0.79	0.57–1.10	0.63	0.43–0.93
Model 2b	0.62	0.34–1.11	0.84	0.60–1.17	0.61	0.41–0.91
Model 3c	0.85	0.41–1.77	0.90	0.61–1.34	0.65	0.41–1.02

Protein intake <0.8 or < 1.0 g/kg aBW/d was the reference category. N is the number of transitions.

^aModel l included protein intake (g/kg aBW/d) or protein intake ≥ or < to 0.8 or ≥ or < to 1 g/kg aBW/d, age, sex and education.

^bModel 2 was further adjusted for number of chronic diseases at baseline and follow-up.

^cModel 3 was also further adjusted for energy intake.