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. 2020 Jan 2;18:1. doi: 10.1186/s12951-019-0560-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Combination of PIT and Nal–IRI in OVCAR-5 and U87 cells. a Cells were incubated with PIC–Nal–IRI or controls at a fixed BPD (1 µM) and irinotecan (7 µM) concentration for 48 h prior to light activation (690 nm, 10 mW/cm², 0–0.6 J/cm²). b OVCAR-5 viability and c U87 viability were determined by MTT assay at 24 h post-light activation. The IC₅₀ values of PIC–Nal are ~ 0.6 μM × J/cm² and ~ 0.35 μM × J/cm² for d OVCAR-5 and e U87 cells, respectively. d, e The reduction of cell viability was compared among the treatment groups. f, g Combination index (CI) was determined using CompuSyn software. The CI value quantitatively defines synergism (CI < 1), additive effect (CI = 1) and antagonism (CI > 1) effect of light-activated PIC–Nal–IRI in OVCAR-5 and U87 cells. (n > 3; *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001; n.s.: not significant; one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test)