Table 1.
Characteristics of subjects
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Mother | |
| Race | |
| Caucasian | 39 (88.6) |
| African | 3 (6.82) |
| Hispanic | 1 (2.27) |
| Asian | 1 (2.27) |
| Age (year) | 28.9±3.3 |
| GA of delivery (week) | 39.4±0.9 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | 27.6±6.4 |
| Normal weight | 20 (45.5) |
| Overweight | 8 (18.2) |
| Obese | 16 (36.4) |
| GWG (kg) | 15.8±6.2 |
| GWG category (IOM 2009) | |
| Inadequate | 2 (4.5) |
| Adequate | 17 (38.6) |
| Excessive | 25 (56.8) |
| Blood biomarkers | |
| Glucose level (mg/dL) | 93.6±22.6 |
| Insulin level (μIU/mL) | 6.00 (3.43–8.10) |
| HOMA-IR index | 1.84 (0.74–1.93) |
| IL-6 level | 1.18 (0.95–1.49) |
| TNF-α level (pg/mL), n=41 | 1.31 (0.56–2.75) |
| Fetal HRV | |
| 36 wks, n=44 | |
| SD1 (msec) | 4.16 (3.21–4.97) |
| SD2 (msec) | 34.5 (25.8–39.8) |
GA: gestational age; GWG: gestational weight gain; IOM: Institute of Medicine; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IL-6: interleukin 6; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; HRV: heart rate variability; SD1: standard deviation 1 (short term variability); SD2: standard deviation 2 (long term variability).
Values are n (%), mean±SD, or median (Q1–Q3).