Table 3.
Factors associated with stunting, wasting, and underweight among under-five children in Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia (n = 1077).
| Variables | Stunting | Wasting | Underweight | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | |
| Sources of drinking water (unprotected) | ||||||
| Piped | 0.94 | 0.57, 1.53 | 0.22 | 0.77, 3.25 | 1.01 | 0.57, 1.77 |
| Protected well | 0.68∗ | 0.50, 0.92 | 0.44 | 0.75, 1.96 | 0.91 | 0.64, 1.28 |
|
| ||||||
| Availability of toilet facility (with facilities) | ||||||
| No facility/bush/field | 0.96 | 0.71, 1.314 | 1.36 | 0.83, 2.22 | 0.86 | 0.60, 1.21 |
|
| ||||||
| Number of under-five children (3+) | ||||||
| 1 | 0.55∗ | 0.23, 0.92 | 0.73 | 0.33, 1.58 | 0.61 | 0.34, 1.07 |
| 2 | 0.47∗∗ | 0.30, 0.74 | 0.82 | 0.43, 1.58 | 0.56∗ | 0.35, 0.91 |
|
| ||||||
| Maternal age at birth (20 or higher) | ||||||
| Less than 20 | 0.99 | 0.71, 1.41 | 0.88 | 0.51, 1.52 | 0.66∗ | 0.45, 0.97 |
|
| ||||||
| Anemia (yes) | ||||||
| No | 0.75 | 0.51, 1.10 | 1.42 | 0.75, 2.68 | 0.81 | 0.53, 1.23 |
|
| ||||||
| Mother occupation (other sectors) | ||||||
| Not working | 1.07 | 0.70, 1.64 | 1.34 | 0.73, 2.49 | 0.79 | 0.48, 1.27 |
| Agricultural sector | 1.18 | 0.82, 1.68 | 0.80 | 0.46, 1.38 | 0.80 | 0.53, 1.19 |
|
| ||||||
| Birth type (multiple) | ||||||
| Single | 0.68 | 0.29, 1.63 | 0.82 | 0.26, 2.58 | 0.55 | 0.23, 1.33 |
|
| ||||||
| Birth weight (<2.5 kg) | ||||||
| >4 kg | 0.36∗∗ | 0.24, 0.54 | 0.65 | 0.35, 1.18 | 0.30∗∗ | 0.19, 0.49 |
| 2.5–4 kg | 0.60∗∗ | 0.44, 0.81 | 0.62∗ | 0.39, 0.99 | 0.48∗∗ | 0.34, 0.66 |
|
| ||||||
| Had diarrhea recently (yes) | ||||||
| No | 0.71 | 0.47, 1.06 | 0.41∗∗ | 0.25, 0.68 | 0.34∗∗ | 0.23, 0.52 |
|
| ||||||
| Received measles (yes) | ||||||
| No | 0.53∗ | 0.36, 0.79 | 0.86 | 0.47, 1.55 | 0.78 | 0.50, 1.21 |
|
| ||||||
| Vitamin A in last 6 months (yes) | ||||||
| No | 0.92 | 0.64, 1.33 | 0.77 | 0.44, 1.34 | 0.91 | 0.61, 1.37 |
|
| ||||||
| Received tetanus (yes) | ||||||
| No | 0.71∗ | 0.50, 0.99 | 1.03 | 0.62, 1.70 | 0.81 | 0.55, 1.19 |
|
| ||||||
| Antenatal follow-up (4+) | ||||||
| No | 1.56 | 0.98, 2.47 | 2.20∗ | 1.04, 4.64 | 1.49 | 0.88, 2.53 |
| 1–3 | 1.34 | 0.87, 2.06 | 1.89 | 0.93, 3.87 | 1.38 | 0.83, 2.29 |
|
| ||||||
| Postnatal care (yes) | ||||||
| No | 0.95 | 0.46, 1.94 | 1.49 | 0.48, 4.63 | 2.01 | 0.79, 5.13 |
|
| ||||||
| Current age of mother (35+) | ||||||
| 15–19 | 0.56 | 0.21, 1.50 | 1.20 | 0.29, 5.03 | 1.51 | 0.51, 4.47 |
| 20–24 | 0.82 | 0.43, 1.54 | 0.90 | 0.34, 2.35 | 1.29 | 0.62, 2.65 |
| 25–29 | 0.94 | 0.56, 1.57 | 1.10 | 0.51, 2.39 | 1.36 | 0.76, 2.44 |
| 30–34 | 1.03 | 0.68, 1.55 | 0.97 | 0.51, 1.88 | 1.42 | 0.90, 2.26 |
|
| ||||||
| Husband/partners education (higher education) | ||||||
| No education | 1.39 | 0.50, 3.88 | 1.44 | 0.21, 9.95 | 1.13 | 0.32, 4.03 |
| Primary education | 1.41 | 0.51, 3.89 | 1.90 | 0.28, 12.99 | 1.05 | 0.30, 3.72 |
| Secondary education | 0.63 | 0.19, 2.13 | 1.84 | 0.26, 13.20 | 0.93 | 0.23, 3.80 |
|
| ||||||
| Child birth order (5 th or more) | ||||||
| First birth | 1.18 | 0.59, 2.36 | 0.93 | 0.30, 2.88 | 0.90 | 0.41, 1.95 |
| 2, 3, or 4 | 1.29 | 0.83, 2.01 | 1.56 | 0.80, 3.07 | 0.93 | 0.57, 1.52 |
|
| ||||||
| Place of residence (urban) | ||||||
| Rural | 1.19 | 0.54, 2.62 | 2.32 | 0.69, 7.81 | 2.28 | 0.85, 6.10 |
|
| ||||||
| Currently breastfeeding (yes) | ||||||
| No | 0.95 | 0.66, 1.37 | 1.35 | 0.76, 2.42 | 0.91 | 0.60, 1.37 |
|
| ||||||
| Mode of delivery (normal) | ||||||
| Cesarean section | 0.68 | 0.25, 1.85 | 0.99 | 0.17, 5.76 | 1.30 | 0.34, 4.93 |
|
| ||||||
| Sex of child (female) | ||||||
| Male | 1.09 | 0.68, 1.75 | 1.86 | 0.82, 4.22 | 2.04 | 1.13, 3.68 |
|
| ||||||
| Household wealth index (richest) | ||||||
| Poorest | 2.73∗ | 1.26, 5.93 | 2.03 | 0.58, 7.08 | 3.21 | 1.20, 8.56 |
| Poorer | 2.91∗∗ | 1.35, 6.25 | 2.46 | 0.71, 8.51 | 2.96 | 1.12, 7.84 |
| Middle | 1.95 | 0.89, 4.25 | 3.04 | 0.88, 10.54 | 2.47 | 0.92, 6.64 |
| Richer | 2.28∗ | 1.09, 4.77 | 2.61 | 0.82, 8.33 | 2.30 | 0.90, 5.88 |
|
| ||||||
| Mother education (higher education) | ||||||
| No education | 1.79 | 0.28, 11.44 | 0.26 | 0.03, 2.10 | 0.79 | 0.12, 5.10 |
| Primary education | 2.02 | 0.32, 12.74 | 0.20 | 0.03, 1.61 | 0.87 | 0.14, 5.55 |
| Secondary education | 2.68 | 0.42, 17.05 | 0.18 | 0.02, 1.77 | 0.54 | 0.07, 3.94 |
|
| ||||||
| Child age (48–59 months) | ||||||
| 0–11 months | 0.64 | 0.35, 1.19 | 3.11∗ | 1.26, 7.67 | 0.79 | 0.40, 1.56 |
| 12–23 months | 1.67∗ | 1.01, 2.77 | 2.53∗ | 1.16, 5.55 | 0.99 | 0.55, 1.76 |
| 24–35 months | 2.00∗∗ | 1.29, 3.10 | 1.56 | 0.75, 3.25 | 1.56 | 0.95, 2.54 |
| 36–47 months | 1.47 | 0.99, 2.20 | 0.74 | 0.34, 1.61 | 1.03 | 0.64, 1.64 |
|
| ||||||
| Marital status (married/living together) | ||||||
| Never married/separated/widowed | 0.99 | 0.58, 1.71 | 1.42 | 0.58, 3.51 | 1.77 | 0.94, 3.33 |
|
| ||||||
| Hosmer–Lemeshow test | 10.39 | 7.71 | 12.67 | |||
| p values | 0.24 | 0.46 | 0.12 | |||
Reference categories are in parenthesis. ∗Significant p values <0.05; ∗∗significant p values <0.01.