Table 2.
Summary of Key Inflammatory Changes in the In Vitro NASH Model in Comparison to Clinical Observations
| Cytokine | NASH In Vitro Model | Clinical Observations |
|---|---|---|
| TNF‐α | ↑ gene expression (14‐fold increase) | Serum TNF‐α levels correlate with liver disease state |
| ↑ protein expression (D11 and D13) | ||
| TGF‐β1 | ↑ gene expression (3‐fold increase) | TGF‐β1 levels increased in patients with NASH |
| IL‐6 | ↑ gene expression (160‐fold increase) | Elevated IL‐6 serum concentration in NASH patients |
| ↑ protein expression (D8 and D15) | ||
| IL‐1β | ↑ gene expression (21‐fold increase) | Only expressed in diseased livers and detected in serum of obese patients |
| ↑ protein expression (when dosing with LPS) | ||
| MCP1 (CCL2) | ↑ protein expression (when dosing with fat and fat + LPS) | Elevated CCL2 in NAFLD and NASH patients |
| IL‐8 (CXCL8) | ↔ gene expression unchanged | Higher serum levels of IL‐8 in patients with NASH |
| ↑ protein expression (when dosing with LPS) | ||
| IL‐1RA | ↑ gene expression (2.5‐fold increase) | Increased in human NAFLD locally and systemically |