Experimental protocols. A: Six male CR and GF mice were euthanized at 4 and 13 weeks of age. B: For FMT, 12-week-old GF mice were gavaged with either intestinal contents and stools coming from one and four donor mice, respectively (FMT group; n = 6), or sterile PBS (SHAM group; n = 5). For both experiments, sections of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon were isolated, and the intestinal contents were harvested.