Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants
| Baseline characteristic | PNF group (n = 15) | CSE group (n = 15) | Control group (n = 15) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean±SD (years) | 24.00±8.47 | 24.08±1.00 | 24.36±9.97 |
| Female sex, number (%) | 12 (80) | 11 (73.3) | 11 (73.3) |
| Body mass index; mean±SD (kg/m2) | 22.88±5.06 | 21.93±4.32 | 22.56±3.94 |
| Low back pain duration, mean±SD (month) | 6.80±3.97 | 6.33±3.28 | 6.36±2.36 |
| Pain intensity, mean±SD (score) | 4.13±0.92 | 4.40±1.40 | 4.07±1.28 |
| Functional disability, mean±SD (score) | 4.53±2.13 | 4.60±2.17 | 4.47±2.07 |
| Maximum muscle activity (mV) | |||
| Right rectus abdominis | 0.391±0.221 | 0.309±0.259 | 0.312±0.265 |
| Left rectus abdominis | 0.353±0.230 | 0.308±0.071 | 0.317±0.203 |
| Right transversus abdominis | 0.140±0.041 | 0.120±0.057 | 0.128±0.108 |
| Left transversus abdominis | 0.164±0.057 | 0.165±0.069 | 0.155±0.137 |
| Right iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracis | 0.267±0.087 | 0.269±0.240 | 0.295±0.242 |
| Left iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracis | 0.243±0.031 | 0.256±0.033 | 0.242±0.041 |
| Right iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum | 0.171±0.067 | 0.184±0.053 | 0.185±0.056 |
| Left iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum | 0.185±0.090 | 0.171±0.090 | 0.182±0.060 |
PNF = Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, CSE = Core stabilisation exercise