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(a) Forest plot of effect sizes (standardized β) and their 95% confidence intervals for the effect of beak morphology on three different song metrics, as derived from multivariate PGLS analysis. Asterisks below bars represent significance values assessed through bivariate regressions including correction for intraspecific variation in song characteristics. (b) Diagram of general conclusions. **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
