Table 1:
Summary of Included Studies
| Author, Year, Country | Study Design | Inclusion Criteria | No. of Observations | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Length of Follow-Up | Age | Diabetes Diagnosis | Baseline Glucose | Other Criteria | |||
| Bolinder et al, 201632,a | RCT | 6 mo | ≥ 18 y | Type 1, > 5 y | A1C < 7.5% | Not hypoglycemia unaware Not having diabetic ketoacidosis or MI in the last 6 months No known allergy to medical-grade adhesives Not using CGM within the last 4 months Not currently using sensor-augmented insulin pumps Not pregnant, nor planning to become pregnant Not receiving oral steroid therapy |
120/121 (flash/SMBG) |
| Haak et al, 201652,53,b | RCT | 6 mo | > 18 y | Type 2 | A1C 7.5%-12.0% | Not pregnant Using insulin for ≥ 6 months (prandial only or prandial and basal intensive insulin therapy or insulin pump therapy) Not having a total daily dose of insulin ≥ 1.75 U/kg at study entry Not having severe hypoglycemia Not having diabetic ketoacidosis Not having hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic state in the last 6 months No known allergy to medical-grade adhesives Not using CGM within the last 4 months Not receiving steroid therapy |
149/75 (flash/SMBG) |
| Mitsuishi et al, 2017,48 Japan | Observational cohort (before-after) | Not reported | 18–80 y | Type 1 and type 2 | Mean A1C 7.8% | Not pregnant, nor likely to become pregnant Not receiving dialysis Not allergic to medical adhesives Not using insulin pumps equipped with CGM |
80/80 (SMBG/flash) |
| Oskarsson et al, 201749,a | RCT, subgroup analysis | 6 mo | > 18 y | Type 1 | A1C < 7.5% | Not hypoglycemia unaware No diabetic ketoacidosis or MI in the last 6 months No known allergy to medical-grade adhesives Not using CGM within the last 4 months Not receiving steroid therapy |
82/81 (flash/SMBG) |
| Al Hayek et al, 2017,47 Saudi Arabia | Observational cohort (before–after) | 3 mo for flash but not reported for SMBG | 13–19 y | Type 1 | Not reported | Not diagnosed with dermatological disorders within the last 6 months No severe or unstable medical conditions No severe hypoglycemia that requires third-party assistance No diabetic ketoacidosis, nor hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic state |
47/47 (SMBG/flash) |
| Moreno-Fernandez et al, 2018,50 Spain | Observational cohort (parallel groups) | 6 mo | 18–65 y | Type 1 | A1C ≤ 7.8% | Diagnosed with type 1 diabetes for at least 6 months Not pregnant or planning pregnancy Not breastfeeding Naïve to flash glucose monitoring |
18/18 (SMBG/flash) |
Abbreviations: A1C, glycated hemoglobin; CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; MI, myocardial infarction; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SMBG, self-monitoring of blood glucose.
a
Involves diabetes centres from Sweden, Austria, Germany, Spain, and The Netherlands.
b
Involves diabetes centres from France, Germany, and the United Kingdom.