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. 2019 Dec 12;19(8):1–108.

Table 11:

Results of Economic Literature Review

Name, Year, Country, Publication Type Study Design and Perspective Population Intervention/Comparator Results
Health Outcomes Costs Cost-Effectiveness
Type 1 diabetes
Bilir et al, 2016,80
United States, conference abstract
Economic analysis:
CUA
Study design: decision analytic model
Perspective: NR
Time horizon: 50 y
Discount rate: NR
People with type 1 diabetes who require intensive insulin treatment
Age: NR
Male (%): NR
Intervention: flash
Control: SMBG
Total QALYs: NR Currency, cost year: Euro (€), Swedish krona (SEK), Australian dollar (ÄD), 2015 Total costs: NR Base case ICERs (cost/additional QALY): 240,909 SEK, $24,621 AUD, €22,099 (Germany), €22,503 (Spain), €16,008 (Italy), €31,887 (France), €19,445 (Portugal), €14,209 (Netherlands)
Bilir et al, 2017,79 United States, conference abstract Economic analysis:
CUA
Study design: decision analytic model
Perspective: NR
Time horizon: 50 y
Discount rate: NR
People with type 1 diabetes who require intensive insulin treatment
Age: NR
Male (%): NR
Intervention: flash
Control: SMBG
Total QALYs: 12.6 for SMBG, 13.6 for flash Currency, cost year:
Swedish krona, 2016
Flash: 1,786,017 SEK
SMBG: 1,681,620 SEK
Base case ICERs (cost/additional QALY): 97,468 SEK
Billir et al, 2017,78
United States, conference abstract
Economic analysis:
CUA
Study design: decision analytic model
Perspective: NR
Time horizon: 50 y
Discount rate: NR
People with type 1 diabetes who require intensive insulin treatment
Age: NR
Male (%): NR
Intervention: flash
Control: SMBG
Total QALYs: NR Currency, cost year: GBP (€), NR
Base case: NR
Base case ICER (cost/additional QALY): €25,045
Hellmund et al, 2018,87 United
States, full-text journal article
Economic analysis: cost analysis
Study design: costing model
Perspective: UK public health care system (NHS)
Discount rate: NR
People with type 1 diabetes who require intensive insulin treatment
Age: NR
Male (%): NR
Intervention: flash
Control: SMBG
NR Currency, cost year:
GBP, 2015
Base case (10 SMBG/d)
Flash: €970
SMBG: €1,205
Scenario 1 (5.6 SMBG/d)
SMBG: €675
Flash: €970
Scenario 2 (including costs of severe hypoglycemia)
Flash: €1,191
SMBG: €1,103
Scenario 3 (16 SMBG/d)
Flash: €970
SMBG: €1,927
NR
Type 2 diabetes
Hellmund, 2016,86 United States, conference abstract Economic analysis: budget impact analysis
Study design: NR
Perspective: German health care system
Time horizon: 3 y
Discount rate: NR
People with type 2 diabetes who require intensive insulin treatment
Age: NR
Male (%): NR
Intervention: flash Control: SMBG NR Currency, cost year: Euro, NR
Total costs
Flash: €2,210
SMBG: €2,484
NR
Khan-Miron et al, 2017,85 Spain, conference abstract Economic analysis: cost analysis
Study design: NR
Perspective: NR
Time horizon: NR
Discount rate: NR
People with type 2 diabetes who require insulin treatment
Age: NR
Male (%): NR
Intervention: flash
Control: SMBG
NR Currency, cost year: Euro, NR
Base case Flash: €1,592
SMBG: €433
NR
Li et al, 2014,83 United States, conference abstract Economic analysis: CUA
Study design: decision analytic model
Perspective: NR
Time horizon: 40 y
Discount rate: NR
People with type 2 diabetes who require insulin treatment
Age: NR
Male (%): NR
Intervention: flash
Control: SMBG
Total QALYs: NR Currency, cost year; GBP, 2013
Base case: NR
Base case ICER (cost/additional QALY): €10,034-€29,068
Li et al, 2016,82
United States, conference abstract
Economic analysis:
CUA
Study design: decision analytic model
Perspective: NR Time horizon: 40 y
Discount rate: NR
People with type 2 diabetes who require intensive insulin treatment
Age: NR
Male (%): NR
Intervention: flash
Control: SMBG
Total QALYs: NR Currency, cost year:
Euro, Swedish krona, 2015
Total costs: NR
Discount rate: NR
Base case ICERs (cost/additional QALY): 317,038 SEK, €29,672
(Germany), €28,745 (Spain), €20,968 (Italy), €29,008 (France), €28,369 (Portugal), €21,105 (Netherlands)
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Curto et al, 2017,84 Italy, conference abstract Economic analysis: cost analysis
Study design: NR
Perspective: NR
Time horizon: 1 y
Discount rate: NR
People with type 1 or type 2 diabetes living in Veneto, Italy
Age: NR Male (%): NR
Intervention: flash NR Currency, cost year: Euro, NR
Yearly cost: €936
NR
Vellopoulou et al, 2017,81 Greece, conference abstract Economic model: CUA
Study design: decision analytic model
Perspective: Greek payer
Time horizon: lifetime
Discount rate: NR
People with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who require intensive insulin treatment
Age: NR
Male (%): NR
Intervention: flash
Control: SMBG
Total QALYs: NR
Incremental QALYs:
Type 1: 0.567
Type 2: 0.317
Currency, cost year:
Euro, NR
Base case incremental cost
Type 1: €8,225 Type 2: €6,236
3-year net budget impact
Type 1: €5,114,658 Type 2: €614,473
Both: €5,729,131
Base case ICER (cost/additional QALY):
Type 1: €14,567
Type 2: €19,703
Healthcare Improvement Scotland, 2018,64 health technology assessment Economic model: cost-utility study Study design: decision analytic model
Perspective: NHS
Time horizon: lifetime
Discount rate: 3.5% annually
People with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who require intensive insulin treatment
Age (years): 43.7 for type 1 diabetes, 59.2 for type 2 diabetes
Male (%): 56.9 for type 1 diabetes, 67% for type 2 diabetes
Intervention: flash Control: SMBG Total QALYs: Type 1 Flash: 9.73 SMBG: 7.61
Type 2
Flash: 6.14 SMBG: 5.04
Incremental QALYs: Type 1: 2.12 Type 2: 1.09
Currency, cost year: GBP, year of costing NR Total costs:
Type 1 Flash: €18,074
SMBG: €12,860
Type 2 Flash: €10,450
SMBG: €5,535
Incremental costs: Type 1: €5,214 Type 2: €4,916
Budget impact, flash:
Year 1: €8.8 million
Year 2: €18.2 million
Base case ICERs (cost/additional QALY):
Type 1: €2,459
Type 2: €4,498

Abbreviations: AUD, Australian dollars; CUA, cost–utility analysis; flash, flash glucose monitoring; GBP, Great British pound; ICER, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; NHS, National Health Service; NR, not reported; QALY, quality-adjusted life-year; SEK, Swedish krona; SMBG, self-monitoring of blood glucose.