Table 2.
Case-control MRI studies examining grey matter volume or white matter microstructure.
| Demographics | Insomnia | Method | Group Differences | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Age (years) | % Female | Diagnostic Criteria | Duration (years) | PSQI | |||
|
Dai et al. 2018 [32] (China) |
I: 39 C: 39 |
I: 48.9 ± 11.4 C: 47.9 ± 9.2 |
I: 74 C: 67 |
ICSD-2 |
6.5 ± 5.7 [>1] |
15.1 ± 2.2 | GM: GMV, VBM | No significant differences |
|
Li et al. 2016 [35] (China) |
C: 23 I: 30 |
C: 41.1 ± 10.5 I: 41.6 ± 9.5 |
I: 57 C: 40 |
DSM-IV | 1.5 ± 1.7 | 13.4 ± 3.2 | WM: Tract Based Spatial Statistics | ↓ FA in anterior and posterior limb of internal capsule, anterior and superior corona radiata, superior longitudinal fasciculus, corpus callosum. No significant differences in AxD, RD or MD. |
|
Bumb et al. 2014 [31] (Germany) |
I: 23 C: 27 |
I: 43 ± 7.4 C: 39 ± 13.1 |
I: 48 C: 59 |
DSM-IV-TR, ICSD-2 |
8.6 ± 7.3 [0.5 – 30] |
N/A | GM: ROI – Pineal Gland | ↓ Pineal gland |
|
Joo et al. 2014 [16] (A) (South Korea) |
I: 27 C: 30 |
I: 51.2 ± 9.6 C: 50.4 ± 7.1 |
I: 93 C: 93 |
ICSD-2 |
8.4 ± 9.1 [≥ 1] |
14.9 ± 4.6 | GM: ROI – Hippocampus | ↓ Hippocampus |
|
Spiegelhalder et al. 2014 [34] (B) (Germany) |
I: 24 C: 35 |
I: 42.7 ± 14.5 C: 40.1 ± 9.1 |
I: 58 C: 57 |
DSM-IV-TR | 12.0 ± 10.9 | 11.2 ± 2.8 | WM: VW | ↓ FA in anterior internal capsule |
|
Joo et al. 2013 [10] (A) (South Korea) |
I: 27 C: 27 |
I: 52.3 ± 7.8 C: 51.7 ± 5.4 |
I: 93 C: 85 |
ICSD-2 |
7.6 ± 6.1 [≥ 1] |
19.1 ± 4.3 | GM: VBM | No significant differences |
|
Spiegelhalder et al. 2013 [33] (B) (Germany) |
I: 28 C: 38 |
I: 43.7 ± 14.2 C: 39.6 ± 8.9 |
I: 64 C: 55 |
DSM-IV-TR | 12.1 ± 11 | 10.9 ± 3.0 | GM: ROI – Freesurfer Cortical Volumes; VBM | No significant differences |
|
Altena et al. 2010 [30] (Netherlands) |
I: 24 C: 13 |
I: 60.3 ± 6.0 C: 60.2 ± 8.4 |
I: 71 C: 69 |
DSM-IV |
17.7 ± 15.8 [2.5 – 50] |
12.1 ± 3.0 | GM: VBM | ↓ OFC |
Only results after correction for multiple comparisons are presented. Values are the mean ± SD. (A, B) indicates overlapping samples.
↓, reduced in insomnia; ↑, increased in insomnia; AxD, axial diffusivity; C, control group; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [3, 19, 20]; FA, fractional anisotropy; GM, grey matter; GMV, total grey matter volume; I, insomnia group; ICD, International Classification of Disease [21]; ICSD, International Classification of Sleep Disorders [2, 22]; MD, mean diffusivity; N/A, not applicable; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; rACC, rostral anterior cingulate cortex; RD, radial diffusivity; ROI, region of interest; VBM, voxel-based morphometry; VW, voxel-wise; WM, white matter.