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. 2019 Dec 20;24(1):1–10. doi: 10.4196/kjpp.2020.24.1.1

Fig. 1. Regulation of autophagy in neutrophils.

Fig. 1

Phagocytosis-independent autophagy in neutrophils is initiated by starvation or activation of receptor by different stimuli. This induces either Beclin-1 activation or mTOR inhibition via increased ROS, PI3K, and/or AMPK activity. Activation of Beclin-1 or mTOR inhibition induces phagophore nucleation and elongation by the Atg5-Atg12 complex. Finally, autophagosome maturation is completed via incorporation of lipidated LC3-II into the phagosome membrane, and the ubiquitin protein p62/SQTM1 is degraded. mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TLR, toll like receptor.