Table 1.
A summary of clinical studies on the preventive effects of exercise in diabetes-related cardiovascular diseases.
| Study Type (Design) | Subjects | Exercise Intervention | Effects | Ref | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Frequency | Time (min) | Duration | ||||
| Human (non-RCT) |
Patients with T2DM | Home-based exercise training (Rowing ergo meter) |
3–4 days/wk | 30 m every other day for a total of 28 sessions | 8 wks | ↑Insulin sensitivity ↑Forearm endothelial function ↓Plasma adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 & VCAM-1) |
[43] |
| Human (RCT) | Patients with T2DM | Aerobic & Resistance Exercise | 3–5 days/wk | 75 min/session | 12 wks | ↑Anti-atherosclerotic effects ↓Cardiovascular events ↑Flow-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation |
[45] |
| Human (non-RCT) |
Patients with T2DM | Aerobic Exercise | 4 days/wk | 4–7 h/day | 24 wks | ↓Hepatic triglyceride ↓Paracardial fat volume |
[46] |
| Human (RCT) | Patients with T2DM | High intensity interval training | NA | NA | 12 wks | ↑Left ventricular mass (g) ↑Early diastolic filling rate change (ml/s) ↑Peak torsion change ↓Body weight (kg) ↓Liver fat (%) ↓ALP (U/I) ↓HbA1c (%) ↓2–hr glucose (pmol/l) ↓2–hr AUGC (mmol/l) |
[47] |
↑, up; ↓, down; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; AUGC, area under the blood glucose curve.