Table 2.
A summary of pre-clinical studies on the preventive effects of exercise in diabetes-related cardiovascular diseases.
| Subjects | Exercise Intervention | Effects | Ref | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Frequency | Time (min) | Duration | |||
| STZ-diabetic rats (single injection of STZ: 40mg/kg) | Aerobic exercise | 5 days/wk | 60 min/day | 12 wks | ↑Ejection fractions (%) ↑Left ventricular end-systolic volume ↓Serum cTn-I levels ↓Apoptotic myocardial cells ↓GRP78, CHOP, cleaved caspase-12 protein |
[9] |
| Obese diabetic mice (db/db) | Aerobic Exercise | 5 days/wk | 330m run at speed of 10 m/min (2 wks) + 330m run at speed of 11 m/min (3 wks) | 5 wks | ↑Body weight (gm) ↑Mean blood pressure (mmHg) ↑Heart weight (gm) ↑Blood glucose (mg/dL) ↑Stroke volume (µL) ↑Ejection fraction (%) ↑Fractional Shortening (%) |
[65] |
| STZ-diabetic rats (single injection of STZ: 55 g/kg) | Aerobic Exercise | 5 days/wk | 10–15 min/day, total 60 min (speed 2m/min at grade 5%) | 7 wks | ↑Citrate synthase activity (µmol/tissue(g)/min) ↑Heart Rate (bpm) ↓Left ventricular end diastolic diameter & Left ventricular end systolic diameter (mm) ↑Fractional shortening (%) ↑Ejection fraction (%) ↑Cardiac output (ml/min) ↓QRS interval (m/sec) ↑Myocyte contractile kinetics velocity(µm/sec), extent of cell shortening (µm), and relengthening velocity (µm/sec) ↓Myocyte contractile kinetics time to 50% peak contractile velocity (m/sec) & time to 50% peak relaxation velocity (m/sec) |
[63] |
| 7 wk old diabetic rats (Injection STZ 65 mg) | Aerobic Exercise | 5 days/wk | 60 min/day (20 m/min pace) | 9 wks | ↑Cytoplasmic area (% of intracellular area) ↑Lipid droplets(µm2) ↑Mitochondria area, myofibrillar area, mitochondria quality index, cytoplasm area, and collagen fiber circumference |
[69] |
| 3 month old male Sprague Dwaley rat (Single dose of alloxan; 200 mg/kg) | High intensity of Aerobic Exercise | 5 days/wk | NA | 4 wks | ↓Body weight (g) ↑Plasma glucose (mg/dL) ↑NOX2 & NOX4, p67phox ↓SERCA2 ↓eNOS & BH4 |
[64] |
| BBDR (Biomedical Research Models) male rats | Aerobic Exercise | 5 days/wk | 50 min/day | 8 wks | ↑Plasma glucose (mg/dl) & HbA1c (%) ↑LV end-systolic volume (µl), LV end-diastolic volume (µl), and LV – dp/dt (mmHg/s) ↑Myocardial mitochondria fractional area (%) |
[54] |
| Adult Sprague-dawley male rats + doxorubicin (DOX: 20 mg/kg body weight) | Aerobic Exercise | 5 days/wk | 60 min/day (30 m/min) | NA | ↑Protect against Dox-mediated damage in mitochondria ↓Caspase 3 & calpain ↑SOD1, SOD2, Catalase, GPX1, catalase, and HSP72 ↓Hydrogen peroxide (pmol/mg/min) |
[109] |
| 8 wks old female C57BL6 mice | Aerobic Exercise + Resveratrol supplementation | 5 days/wk | 30 min/day | 8 wks | ↑Left ventricle posterior wall (mm) ↑Intraventricular septum (mm) ↑Left ventricle internal dimension (mm) ↑Fractional shortening ↓Citrate synthase activity (mmol/mg/min) ↓ANF & UCP3 |
[110] |
| Sprague-dawley (SD) diabetic rats | Aerobic Exercise | 5 days/wk | 60 min/day Low intensity: 20m/min High intensity: 34 m/min |
12 wks | ↓Left ventricular & diastolic volume ↓caspase 3, cTn-1 (lg/l), Grp78, CHOP, and Caspase 12 |
[9] |
| Sprague-Dawley rats (intravenous injection of streptozotocin: 60mg/kg | Aerobic Exercise | 5 days/wk | 60 min/day (32 m/min) |
10 wks | ↓Body weight (g) ↓Glucose (mmol/L) ↓Triglycerides (mmol/L) ↑Glucose oxidation (nmol/g/min) ↑Glycolysis (nmol/g/min) ↑Aortic flow (ml/min) |
[33] |
| 6-8 wk male Wistar rat + Doxorubicin (20 mg/kg) |
Aerobic Exercise | 5 days/wk | 60 min/day | 14 wks | ↑Mitochondrial respiration, calcium tolerance, oxidative damage, and heat shock proteins ↓State 3 respiration, respiratory control ratio, uncoupled respiration, aconitase activity, and protein sulfhydryl content |
[72] |
↑, up; ↓, down; GRP78, glucose-regulated protein 78; CHOP, transcriptional induction of C/EBPhomologous protein; SSBP1; single-stranded DNA-binding protein1; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; NRF1, nuclear respiratory factor 1; TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A; TFB2M, Mitochondrial dimethyladenosine transferase 2; NOX2, NADPH oxidase 2; NOX4, NADPH oxidase 4; SERCA2, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; BH4, tetrahydrobiopterin; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; LV, left ventricle; SOD1, superoxide dismutase 1; SOD2, superoxide dismutase 2; GPX1, glutathione peroxidase 1; HSP72, heat shock protein 72; ANF, atrial natriuretic peptide; UCP3, uncoupling protein.