Table 1.

Comparison of animal models of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.

Animal Models	Rat BCAO	Mouse BCAS	Mouse ACAS	Baboon 3-VO
CBF reduction (% preoperative level)	Rapid reduction to 30–50% of the original level with gradual recovery	Rapid reduction to 70% of the original level with gradual recovery by 0.18 mm microcoils	Gradual reduction to 60% (AC side) and 70% (microcoil side) of the original level without recovery	Under investigation
White matter lesion	Demyelination appears 14 days after surgery	Demyelination appears 14 days after surgery	Multiple infarcts and demyelination appears 14 days after surgery	Demyelination appears 14 days after surgery
Gray matter lesion	Rare	No gray matter infarction by microcoils with an inner diameter of 0.18 mm or more	Multiple infarcts only on the AC side	Rare
Cognitive dysfunction	Spatial working memory impairment	Spatial working memory impairment	Spatial working/reference memory impairment	Under investigation
Motor dysfunction	No motor deficits	No motor deficits before 3 months	Muscle weakness and gait disturbance	Temporal hemiparesis after surgery

BCAO, bilateral common carotid artery occlusion; BCAS, bilateral common carotid artery stenosis; ACAS, asymmetric common carotid artery surgery; 3-VO, three-vessel occlusion; AC, ameroid constrictor.