Table 1.
Clinical and demographic characteristics of healthy controls (HC), episodic migraine (EM) and chronic migraine (CM)
| HC (n = 50) | EM (n = 54) | CM (n = 56) | Statistical test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, male/female | 11/39 (22/78%) | 9/45 (17/83%) | 6/50 (11/89%) | χ2(2, N = 160) = 2.48, p = .29† |
| Age (years) | 36.1 ± 13.2 | 37.1 ± 8.2 | 38.1 ± 8.7 | χ2 (2) = 2.85, p = .24‡ |
| Duration of migraine history (years) | 14.1 ± 11.1 | 19.6 ± 10.4 | t(108) = − 2.7, p = .008§ | |
| Time from onset of chronic migraine (months) | 24.5 ± 32.9 | |||
| Headache frequency (days/month) | 3.6 ± 1.9 | 23.3 ± 6.3 | U = 44.0, p < .001¶ | |
| Migraine frequency (days/month) | 3.6 ± 1.9 | 13.9 ± 6.9 | U = 108.5, p < .001¶ | |
| Overusing medication | 0 (0%) | 42 (75%) | p < .001⁑ | |
| Aura | 9 (17%) | 1 (2%) | p = .007⁑ |
†Chi-square test. ‡Kruskal-Wallis test. §Two-tailed, unpaired Student’s t-test. ¶Mann-Whitney U test. ⁑Fisher’s exact test. Data are expressed as means ± SD