Table 2.
Selected sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle behaviours in Ghana, China, India, Russia, South Africa and Mexico by NCD statusa
| Ghana | China | India | |||||||
| One NCD | MCC | One NCD | MCC | One NCD | MCC | ||||
| n = 929 | n = 368 | n = 3751 | n = 2506 | n = 1650 | n = 1032 | ||||
| Social capital score | 14.7 ± 7.2 | 13.6 ± 7.6 | ** | 5.9 ± 3.5 | 5.4 ± 3.7 | *** | 8.6 ± 5.0 | 8.7 ± 5.4 | |
| Sub. Well-Being | |||||||||
| Low | 29.7 | 36.9 | ** | 12.1 | 20.3 | *** | 22.5 | 27.6 | *** |
| Medium | 25.1 | 23.4 | 22.9 | 27.5 | 24.8 | 26.8 | |||
| High | 45.2 | 39.7 | 64.9 | 52.1 | 52.7 | 45.5 | |||
| Female | 55.2 | 63.9 | ** | 55.6 | 56.7 | 51.4 | 47.7 | * | |
| Married | 49.9 | 57.1 | ** | 83.4 | 79.1 | *** | 73.1 | 74.7 | |
| Formal Education | ** | ||||||||
| < Primary | 49.5 | 48.9 | 24.7 | 26.3 | 46.8 | 43.6 | |||
| Primary | 21.2 | 23.4 | 37.2 | 35.0 | 29.6 | 27.3 | |||
| Secondary | 24.2 | 22.8 | 33.1 | 32.7 | 18.3 | 21.8 | |||
| Tertiary | 5.1 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 6.1 | 5.2 | 7.3 | |||
| Currently working | 39.0 | 54.9 | *** | 36.9 | 21.3 | *** | 35.4 | 30.0 | ** |
| Low income tertile | 30.8 | 27.4 | ** | 39.0 | 37.2 | ** | 32.5 | 26.8 | *** |
| Age in yrs. | 65.5 ± 10.8 | 68.1 ± 10.2 | *** | 63.4 ± 9.1 | 67.2 ± 9.1 | *** | 62.5 ± 9.1 | 63.6 ± 9.0 | ** |
| Fruit & Vegetables | 4.4 ± 2.6 | 4.2 ± 2.1 | 9.4 ± 5.2 | 9.1 ± 5.0 | ** | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 3.2 ± 2. | *** | |
| Currently takes alcohol | 24.4 | 17.1 | *** | 19.5 | 13.8 | *** | 7.7 | 7.0 | |
| Currently Smokes | 9.5 | 6.5 | 25.6 | 18.6 | *** | 44.5 | 44.8 | ||
| Moderate exercise b | 0.6 ± 1.4 | 0.9 ± 1.5 | ** | 0.9 ± 2.2 | 0.9 ± 2.2 | 0.5 ± 1.7 | 0.7 ± 1.9 | ** | |
| Russia | South Africa | Mexico | |||||||
| One NCD | MCC | One NCD | MCC | One NCD | MCC | ||||
| n = 890 | n = 1814 | n = 922 | n = 635 | n = 766 | n = 577 | ||||
| Social capital score | 6.8 ± 4.1 | 5.8 ± 4.1 | 11.5 ± 5.6 | 11.0 ± 5.7 | 5.8 ± 4.8 | 6.1 ± 4.4 | |||
| Sub. Well-Being | |||||||||
| Low | 13.8 | 30.1 | *** | 21.2 | 27.1 | ** | 9.3 | 12.0 | ** |
| Medium | 20.1 | 28.4 | 24.7 | 26.8 | 15.7 | 21.3 | |||
| High | 66.1 | 41.4 | 54.1 | 46.1 | 75.1 | 66.7 | |||
| Female | 64.2 | 70.3 | ** | 58.8 | 68.4 | *** | 37.1 | 74.3 | *** |
| Married | 57.8 | 50.4 | *** | 51.1 | 46.0 | ** | 65.4 | 52.5 | *** |
| sFormal Education | ** | * | ** | ||||||
| < Primary | 0.5 | 1.6 | 33.5 | 30.6 | 18.4 | 17.5 | |||
| Primary | 10.6 | 11.8 | 42.5 | 48.5 | 64.5 | 65.2 | |||
| Secondary | 68.6 | 69.4 | 19.9 | 17.0 | 9.1 | 7.9 | |||
| Tertiary | 20.3 | 17.2 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 8.0 | 9.4 | |||
| Currently working | 40.9 | 20.7 | *** | 27.3 | 13.9 | *** | 23.9 | 18.4 | ** |
| Low income Tertile | 36.4 | 39.4 | ** | 36.6 | 26.7 | *** | 43.7 | 38.8 | |
| Age in yrs. | 63.5 ± 10.0 | 68.1 ± 9.8 | *** | 62.5 ± 9.7 | 63.8 ± 9.0 | ** | 68.4 ± 9.1 | 68.7 ± 8.7 | |
| Fruit & Vegetables | 3.5 ± 2.5 | 3.3 ± 2.3 | ** | 3.7 ± 2.2 | 4.0 ± 2.5 | ** | 3.4 ± 1.9 | 3.3 ± 1.9 | |
| Currently takes alcohol | 35.4 | 26.5 | *** | 13.1 | 11.2 | 13.3 | 7.8 | ** | |
| Currently Smokes | 20.8 | 12.8 | *** | 25.6 | 25.2 | 17.9 | 16.5 | ||
| Moderate exercise b | 0.4 ± 1.5 | 0.4 ± 1.4 | 0.2 ± 0.9 | 0.2 ± 0.9 | 0.2 ± 0.9 | 0.2 ± 1.1 | |||
aValues present percentages or means ± SD; bNumber of times engaging in moderate exercise in a week
Chi-square test, ANOVA was used to examine group differences. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.05