Table 2.
Multivariate analysis of factors associated with a higher ranking of perception of AMR as a problem among ARISE participants from the EU/EEA
| Characteristics | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P-value | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P-value | |
| European sub-region | ||||||
| Western | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Eastern | 2.95 | 1.93–4.53 | < 0.001 | 3.09 | 1.94–4.92 | < 0.001 |
| Northern | 0.70 | 0.51–0.94 | < 0.05 | 0.86 | 0.62–1.20 | NS |
| Southern | 2.33 | 1.74–3.13 | < 0.001 | 2.67 | 1.94–3.69 | < 0.001 |
| Type of hospital | ||||||
| General hospital | 1 | 1 | ||||
| University/teaching | 1.30 | 1.03–1.64 | < 0.05 | 1.29 | 0.99–1.70 | NS (0.06) |
| Type of ICU | ||||||
| Medical ICU | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Surgical ICU | 0.75 | 0.45–1.24 | NS | 0.92 | 0.54–1.56 | NS |
| Mixed ICU | 0.61 | 0.40–0.92 | < 0.05 | 0.73 | 0.47–1.13 | NS |
| Other ICU | 0.56 | 0.32–0.96 | < 0.05 | 0.54 | 0.30–0.95 | < 0.05 |
| Number of beds in the ICU | 1.01 | 1.00–1.02 | NS | |||
| Years of clinical practice in ICU | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | NS | |||
| Number of yearly ICU admissions | ||||||
| ≤ 300 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 301–600 | 0.76 | 0.56–1.01 | NS | 1.05 | 0.74–1.48 | NS |
| 601–1200 | 1.56 | 1.21–2.01 | < 0.001 | 1.43 | 1.10–1.87 | < 0.05 |
| > 1200 | 0.90 | 0.73–1.11 | NS | 0.91 | 0.73–1.13 | NS |
| Training status | ||||||
| ICU specialist | 1 | |||||
| Other specialty | 0.92 | 0.58–1.46 | NS | |||
| Percentage of time dedicated to ICU | 1.00 | 1.00–1.01 | NS | |||
| External specialist consultation in case of difficult to treat infections | ||||||
| Consultation of external specialists | 1 | |||||
| No consultation of external specialists | 1.18 | 0.80–1.74 | NS | |||
| Availability of protocols for empiric treatment in the ICU | ||||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||||
| No | 1.79 | 1.36–2.35 | < 0.001 | 1.59 | 1.19–2.13 | < 0.05 |
| Type of guidelines/protocols used for antimicrobial treatment | ||||||
| ICU-specific | 1 | |||||
| Other (hospital-specific, national or international) | 1.06 | 0.83–1.36 | NS | |||
| None of these | 1.40 | 0.63–3.12 | NS | |||
| Availability of resistance statistics for the ICU | ||||||
| Regularly | 1 | |||||
| Irregularly | 1.19 | 0.89–1.61 | NS | |||
| Not at all | 1.04 | 0.67–1.63 | NS | |||
| Do not know | 0.71 | 0.44–1.16 | NS | |||
CI confidence interval; ICU intensive care unit; NS not significant, p > 0.05