Table 2.
Factors Associated with Placental Malaria
| Variable | Categories | n | Placental Malaria, n (%) | Unadjusted Analysis | Adjusted Analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR (95% CI) | P value | RR (95% CI) | P value | ||||
| Proportion of interval assessments with any parasitemia | 0%–25% | 142 | 16 (11.3) | Reference group | Reference group | ||
| >25%–50% | 258 | 95 (36.8) | 3.27 (2.00–5.33) | <.001 | 1.95 (1.19–3.19) | .008 | |
| >50%–75% | 126 | 76 (60.3) | 5.35 (3.30–8.68) | <.001 | 2.31 (1.38–3.85) | .001 | |
| >75% | 111 | 97 (87.4) | 7.76 (4.86–12.4) | <.001 | 2.39 (1.41–4.06) | .001 | |
| Geometric mean parasite density | ≤1 p/μL | 221 | 27 (12.2) | Reference group | Reference group | ||
| >1–10 p/μL | 298 | 146 (49.0) | 4.01 (2.76–5.82) | <.001 | 2.61 (1.73–3.94) | <.001 | |
| >10 p/μL | 118 | 111 (94.1) | 7.7 (5.39–11.0) | <.001 | 3.03 (1.94–4.74) | <.001 | |
| Gravidity | 1 | 153 | 123 (80.4) | Reference group | Reference group | ||
| 2 | 150 | 70 (46.7) | .59 (.49–.71) | <.001 | .75 (.64–.88) | .001 | |
| ≥3 | 334 | 91 (27.3) | .34 (.28–.41) | <.001 | .48 (.40–.58) | <.001 | |
| IPTp regimen | SP | 311 | 192 (61.7) | Reference group | Reference group | ||
| DP | 326 | 92 (28.2) | .46 (.38–.56) | <.001 | .74 (.60–.92) | .007 | |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DP, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine; IPTp, intermittent preventative treatment in pregnancy; p, parasite; RR, relative risk; SP, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.