Table 2. School-related factors and self-reported presence of neck, shoulder and back pain: results of univariate logistic regression analysis .
| Variables | Total n=1221 (%) | Neck pain (n=391; 32%) | Shoulders pain (n=525; 43%) | Back pain (n=437; 35.8%) | ||||||
| Classroom furniture/layout design | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | P value | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | P value | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Just right | 852 (69.8) | 250 (29.3) | 1.00 | 0.001 | 375 (44.0) | 1.00 | 0.210 | 282 (33.1) | 1.00 | 0.004 |
| Too high | 55 (4.5) | 14 (25.5) | 0.82 (0.40, 1.50) | 0.539 | 27 (49.1) | 1.20 (0.70, 2.10) | 0.460 | 18 (32.7) | 0.98 (0.55, 1.70) | 0.950 |
| Too low | 314 (25.7) | 127 (40.4) | 1.63 (1.20, 2.00) | 0.001 | 123 (39.2) | 0.80 (0.62, 1.10) | 0.140 | 137 (43.6) | 1.50 (1.20, 2.00) | 0.001 |
|
Seat backrest height Just right |
643 (52.7) | 177 (27.5) | 1.00 | 0.001 | 277 (43.1) | 1.00 | 0.640 | 201 (31.3) | 1.00 | 0.001 |
| Too high | 69 (5.7) | 20 (29.0) | 1.06 (0.60, 1.80) | 0.790 | 26 (37.7) | 0.80 (0.50, 1.30) | 0.390 | 21 (30.4) | 0.96 (0.56, 1.65) | 0.880 |
| Too low | 509 (41.7) | 194 (38.1) | 1.62 (1.20, 2.00) | 0.001 | 222 (43.6) | 1.10 (0.80, 1.30) | 0.850 | 215 (42.2) | 1.60 (1.26, 2.00) | 0.001 |
|
Seat width Just right |
903 (74.0) | 278 (30.8) | 1.00 | 0.098 | 386 (42.7) | 1.00 | 0.510 | 301 (33.1) | 1.00 | 0.008 |
| Too wide | 124 (10.2) | 38 (30.6) | 0.99 (0.66, 1.50) | 0.970 | 59 (47.6) | 1.20 (0.80, 1.70) | 0.300 | 50 (40.3) | 1.35 (0.92, 1.98) | 0.120 |
| Too narrow | 194 (15.9) | 75 (38.7) | 1.40 (1.10, 1.90) | 0.034 | 80 (41.2) | 0.94 (0.68, 1.30) | 0.700 | 86 (44.3) | 1.60 (1.10, 2.10) | 0.004 |
|
Desk height Just right |
911 (74.6) | 258 (28.3) | 1.00 | 0.001 | 385 (42.3) | 1.00 | 0.270 | 312 (34.2) | 1.00 | 0.150 |
| Too high | 73 (6.0) | 16 (21.9) | 0.71 (0.40, 1.26) | 0.240 | 28 (38.4) | 0.85 (0.52, 1.40) | 0.510 | 29 (39.7) | 1.26 (0.77, 2.00) | 0.340 |
| Too low | 237 (19.4) | 117 (49.4) | 2.40 (1.80, 3.30) | 0.001 | 112 (47.3) | 1.20 (0.90, 1.60) | 0.160 | 96 (40.5) | 1.30 (0.97, 1.75) | 0.073 |
|
Seat, to, (black) board distance Just right |
873 (71.5) | 292 (33.4) | 1.00 | 0.220 | 373 (42.7) | 1.00 | 0.034 | 310 (35.5) | 1.00 | 0.100 |
| Too near | 209 (17.1) | 58 (27.8) | 0.76 (0.50, 1.00) | 0.110 | 103 (49.3) | 1.30 (1.10, 1.70) | 0.040 | 67 (32.1) | 0.85 (0.62, 1.18) | 0.340 |
| Too far | 139 (11.4) | 41 (29.5) | 0.83 (0.56, 1.20) | 0.350 | 49 (35.3) | 0.73 (|0.50, 1.10) | 0.098 | 60 (43.2) | 1.37 (0.95, 1.98) | 0.083 |
|
Homework Just right/not enough |
960 (78.6) | 292 (30.4) | 1.00 | 400 (41.7) | 1.00 | 339 (35.3) | 1.00 | |||
| Too much | 261 (21.4) | 99 (37.9) | 1.40 (1.10, 1.80) | 0.021 | 125 (47.9) | 1.20 (0.97, 1.60) | 0.072 | 98 (37.5) | 1.10 (0.80, 1.40) | 0.500 |
|
Supplementary tutoring No |
240 (19.7) | 78 (32.5) | 1.00 | 96 (40.0) | 1.00 | 72 (30.0) | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 981 (80.3) | 313 (31.9) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.10) | 0.860 | 429 (43.7) | 1.10 (0.80, 1.50) | 0.290 | 365 (37.2) | 1.30 (1.10, 1.80) | 0.037 |
|
School bag weight as % body weight 10% |
1019 (83.5) | 338 (32.1) | 1.00 | 438 (41.6) | 1.00 | 382 (36.2) | 1.00 | |||
| >10% | 202 (16.5) | 53 (31.7) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.40) | 0.930 | 87 (52.1) | 1.50 (1.16, 2.14) | 0.003 | 55 (32.9) | 1.44 (1.10, 2.00) | 0.019 |
|
Time spent carrying school bag (min/day) 30 |
277 (22.7) | 69 (24.9) | 1.00 | 0.013 | 96 (34.7) | 1.00 | 0.001 | 82 (29.2) | 1.00 | 0.030 |
| 30-60 | 357 (29.2) | 117 (32.8) | 1.40 (1.10, 2.00) | 0.031 | 146 (40.9) | 1.30 (0.94, 1.80) | 0.100 | 139 (38.9) | 1.50 (1.10, 2.10) | 0.011 |
| >60 | 587 (48.1) | 205 (34.9) | 1.60 (1.17, 2.20) | 0.003 | 283 (48.2) | 1.75 (1.30, 2.00) | 0.001 | 217 (37.0) | 1.40 (1.10, 1.90) | 0.026 |
|
Time spent from home to school (min) 15 |
624 (51.1) | 195 (31.3) | 1.00 | 0.450 | 244 (39.1) | 1.00 | 0.003 | 215 (34.5) | 1.00 | 0.550 |
| 15-30 | 399 (32.7) | 125 (31.3) | 1.00 (0.70, 1.30) | 0.970 | 177 (44.4) | 1.24 (0.96, 1.60) | 0.960 | 146 (36.6) | 1.10 (0.84, 1.42) | 0.480 |
| >30 | 198 (16.2) | 71 (35.9) | 1.20 (0.80, 1.70) | 0.220 | 104 (52.5) | 1.72 (1.20, 2.40) | 0.001 | 76 (38.4) | 1.18 (0.85, 1.64) | 0.310 |
|
Method of school bag carriage Both shoulders |
699 (57.2) | 193 (27.6) | 1.00 | 0.001 | 274 (39.2) | 1.00 | 0.001 | 244 (34.9) | 1.00 | 0.034 |
| One shoulder | 497 (40.7) | 192 (38.6) | 1.60 (1.29, 2.00) | 0.001 | 246 (49.5) | 1.50 (1.20, 1.90) | 0.001 | 190 (38.2) | 1.15 (0.90, 1.40) | 0.240 |
| By hand | 25 (2.0) | 6 (24.0) | 0.82 (0.32, 2.00) | 0.690 | 5 (20) | 0.38 (0.14, 1.00) | 0.060 | 3 (12.0) | 0.25 (0.07, 0.80) | 0.027 |
|
Method of travel to/from school Bus/Car/Bike |
566 (46.4) | 157 (27.7) | 1.00 | 253 (44.7) | 1.00 | 201 (35.5) | 1.00 | |||
| Walk | 655 (53.6) | 234 (35.7) | 0.69 (0.50, 0.80) | 0.003 | 272 (41.5) | 1.10 (0.90, 1.40) | 0.260 | 236 (36.0) | 0.97 (0.70, 1.20) | 0.850 |
N: Number; OR: Odds Ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; min: minutes