Table 3. Risk factors of neck, shoulder and back pain: results of multivariate analysis .
| Variables | AOR (95% CI) | P value |
| Neck pain | ||
| Gender | ||
| Male | 1.00 | |
| Female | 1.55 (1.18, 2.00) | 0.002 |
| Father education level | ||
| Illiterate/primary school | 1.00 | |
| High school | 0.73 (0.54, 0.9) | 0.033 |
| College degree | 0.78 (0.55, 1.1) | 0.160 |
| 1 | 1.00 | |
| 1-4 | 0.95 (0.69, 1.30) | 0.780 |
| >4 | 1.50 (1.10, 2.00) | 0.010 |
| Desk height | ||
| Just right | 1.00 | |
| Too high | 0.80 (0.40, 1.40) | 0.500 |
| Too low | 2.30 (1.70, 3.10) | 0.001 |
| Time spent carrying school bag (min/day) | ||
| 30 | 1.00 | 0.029 |
| 30-60 | 1.37 (0.94, 1.97) | 0.090 |
| >60 | 1.58 (1.12, 2.20) | 0.008 |
| Method of school bag carriage | ||
| Both shoulders | 1.00 | 0.016 |
| One shoulder | 1.46 (1.12, 1.90) | 0.005 |
| By hand | 0.96 (0.36, 2.57) | 0.940 |
| Method of travel to/from school | ||
| Bus/Car/Bike | 1.00 | |
| Walk | 0.68 (0.52, 0.90) | 0.003 |
| Shoulders pain | ||
| Gender | ||
| Male | 1.00 | |
| Female | 3.30 (2.50, 4.40) | 0.001 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | ||
| 18 | 1.00 | 0.001 |
| 18-25 | 0.83 (0.26, 1.14) | 0.260 |
| >25 | 1.60 (1.10, 2.40) | 0.018 |
| Hours per week playing games | ||
| 1 | 1.00 | 0.001 |
| 1-2 | 1.10 (0.78, 1.50) | 0.630 |
| >2 | 2.37 (1.75, 3.22) | 0.001 |
| Just right/not enough | 1.00 | |
| Too much | 1.38 (1.1, 1.86) | 0.030 |
| School bag weight as % body weight | ||
| 10% | 1.00 | |
| >10% | 1.46 (1.10, 2.00) | 0.026 |
| Time spent carrying school bag (min/day) | ||
| 30 | 1.00 | 0.002 |
| 30-60 | 1.34 (0.95, 1.90) | 0.091 |
| >60 | 1.70 (1.30, 2.40) | 0.001 |
| Back pain | ||
| High school | ||
| Common core (4th and 5th years) | 2.10 (1.60, 2.90) | 0.001 |
| Specialized terminal studies (6th and 7th) | 2.70 (1.90, 3.70) | 0.001 |
| Father education level | ||
| Illiterate/primary school | 1.00 | |
| High school | 0.76 (0.57, 1.00) | 0.058 |
| College degree | 0.70 (0.50, 0.90) | 0.046 |
| Hours per week playing games | ||
| 1 | 1.00 | 0.001 |
| 1-2 | 1.16 (0.83, 1.60) | 0.370 |
| >2 | 1.83 (1.34, 2.50) | 0.001 |
| Hours per week watching TV | ||
| 3 | 1.00 | 0.048 |
| 3-12 | 1.00 (0.80, 1.40) | 0.700 |
| >12 | 1.50 (1.10, 2.10) | 0.016 |
| Seat backrest height | ||
| Just right | 1.00 | 0.012 |
| Too high | 0.92 (0.52, 1.60) | 0.770 |
| Too low | 1.40 (1.12, 1.87) | 0.005 |
| Seat, to, (black) board distance | ||
| ust right | 1.00 | 0.090 |
| Too near | 0.92 (0.65, 1.29) | 0.640 |
| Too far | 1.50 (1.10, 2.20) | 0.041 |
| School bag weight as % body weight | ||
| 10% | 1.00 | |
| >10% | 1.70 (1.20, 2.40) | 0.002 |
| Time spent carrying school bag (min/day) | ||
| 30 | 1.00 | 0.089 |
| 30-60 | 1.48 (1.10, 2.10) | 0.029 |
| >60 | 1.22 (0.88, 1.70) | 0.210 |
| Method of school bag carriage | ||
| Both shoulders | 1.00 | 0.090 |
| One shoulder | 1.00 (0.79, 1.33) | 0.800 |
| By hand | 0.25 (0.07, 0.89) | 0.033 |
AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; BMI: Body Mass Index; min: minutes; For variables with 3 or more categories, the first p-value is the global p-value of the test. “-”: No statistically significant association between this variable and the dependent variable.