Table 2. Means and standards deviation of each latent variable and its constituent scales and Cronbach's alphas for each scale .

Variables	Rural		Urban		Cronbach’s α	Factor loading
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Latent variable; HL was measured by 5observable variables
Access to health information and services	3.64	0.81	3.76	0.69	0.82	0.46-0.75
Understanding of health information and services	3.59	0.86	3.76	0.73	0.83	0.51-0.80
Verification of health information and services	3.73	0.73	3.78	0.72	0.77	0.57-0.78
Communication skill	3.78	0.73	3.75	0.70	0.89	0.49-0.78
Self-health management	3.30	0.70	3.24	0.65	0.79	0.66-0.78
Social support	3.81	0.75	3.81	0.70	0.89	0.61-0.83
Social norms	3.87	0.72	3.69	0.69	0.83	0.66-0.87
Positive attitude toward health	3.77	0.72	3.74	0.63	0.84	0.58-0.84
Psychological capital was measured by 4 observable variables
Hope	3.91	0.76	3.88	0.72	0.93	0.72-0.79
Optimism	3.89	0.70	3.91	0.73	0.94	0.65-0.86
Self-efficacy	3.82	0.75	3.81	0.70	0.93	0.60-0.81
Resilience	3.95	0.76	3.95	0.69	0.93	0.70-0.80
Health behavior was measured by 2 observable variables
Self-care	3.47	0.89	3.69	0.71	0.87	0.45-0.79
Participation in health activities	3.55	0.90	3.68	0.89	0.87	0.75-0.75
Family well-being was measured by 3 observable variables
Health status of family members	4.07	0.75	4.08	0.69	0.89	0.65-0.77
Parents' integrity	4.12	0.82	4.10	0.76	0.89	0.67-0.85
Family relationships	4.08	0.82	4.16	0.80	0.88	0.77-0.86