Table 2.
Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals for poor sleep among 40 082 women who reported experiencing a traumatic childhood experience (TCE) compared to those who reported no TCE (The Sister Study)
| Short sleep (<7 hours) | Takes > 30 minutes to fall asleep | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model I | Model II | Model III | Model I | Model II | Model III | |
| PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | |
| No reported trauma | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Any traumatic experience | 1.08 (1.05 to 1.12) | 1.08 (1.04 to 1.11) | 1.08 (1.04 to 1.11) | 1.18 (1.13 to 1.24) | 1.17 (1.12 to 1.22) | 1.11 (1.06 to 1.16) |
| Natural disasters | 1.21 (1.13 to 1.30) | 1.17 (1.09 to 1.26) | 1.18 (1.10 to 1.27) | 1.24 (1.12 to 1.38) | 1.19 (1.07 to 1.33) | 1.14 (1.02 to 1.26) |
| Major accidents | 1.10 (1.01 to 1.19) | 1.09 (1.01 to 1.19) | 1.09 (1.00 to 1.18) | 1.33 (1.19 to 1.47) | 1.29 (1.16 to 1.43) | 1.21 (1.09 to 1.35) |
| Household dysfunction | 1.09 (1.04 to 1.14) | 1.09 (1.04 to 1.13) | 1.09 (1.04 to 1.14) | 1.27 (1.20 to 1.34) | 1.25 (1.18 to 1.32) | 1.16 (1.09 to 1.23) |
| Sexual trauma | 1.13 (1.08 to 1.18) | 1.11 (1.07 to 1.16) | 1.11 (1.06 to 1.16) | 1.26 (1.19 to 1.33) | 1.23 (1.16 to 1.30) | 1.15 (1.08 to 1.22) |
| Physical trauma | 1.17 (1.11 to 1.23) | 1.13 (1.07 to 1.19) | 1.13 (1.07 to 1.19) | 1.47 (1.37 to 1.58) | 1.41 (1.32 to 1.52) | 1.29 (1.20 to 1.39) |
| Psychological/emotional | 1.10 (1.06 to 1.14) | 1.09 (1.05 to 1.13) | 1.09 (1.05 to 1.13) | 1.24 (1.18 to 1.30) | 1.22 (1.16 to 1.28) | 1.15 (1.10 to 1.21) |
| Awakened ≥ 3 times once asleep ≥3 times/week | Napping ≥3 times per week | |||||
| Model I | Model II | Model III | Model I | Model II | Model IIIa | |
| PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | |
| No reported trauma | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Any traumatic experience | 1.10 (1.05 to 1.16) | 1.09 (1.04 to 1.15) | 1.06 (1.00 to 1.11) | 1.13 (1.07 to 1.20) | 1.11 (1.05 to 1.18) | 1.05 (0.99 to 1.12) |
| Natural disasters | 1.18 (1.04 to 1.34) | 1.15 (1.01 to 1.31) | 1.12 (0.98 to 1.27) | 1.18 (1.02 to 1.37) | 1.13 (0.98 to 1.31) | 1.08 (0.93 to 1.26) |
| Major accidents | 1.18 (1.04 to 1.35) | 1.17 (1.03 to 1.34) | 1.13 (0.99 to 1.29) | 1.15 (0.98 to 1.34) | 1.12 (0.95 to 1.31) | 1.05 (0.90 to 1.23) |
| Household dysfunction | 1.15 (1.07 to 1.23) | 1.14 (1.06 to 1.22) | 1.09 (1.01 to 1.17) | 1.18 (1.09 to 1.28) | 1.16 (1.07 to 1.26) | 1.09 (1.00 to 1.18) |
| Sexual trauma | 1.23 (1.15 to 1.32) | 1.22 (1.13 to 1.30) | 1.16 (1.08 to 1.24) | 1.16 (1.07 to 1.26) | 1.11 (1.02 to 1.21) | 1.04 (0.95 to 1.13) |
| Physical trauma | 1.29 (1.18 to 1.40) | 1.25 (1.15 to 1.37) | 1.18 (1.08 to 1.29) | 1.28 (1.16 to 1.41) | 1.23 (1.11 to 1.36) | 1.11 (1.00 to 1.23) |
| Psychological/emotional | 1.12 (1.06 to 1.19) | 1.11 (1.05 to 1.17) | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.13) | 1.15 (1.08 to 1.23) | 1.13 (1.05 to 1.20) | 1.06 (0.99 to 1.13) |
Childhood household educational attainment was determined by adult(s) who lived in the household and were legally responsible for participant at age 13 years. All traumatic childhood experiences include non-mutually exclusive events that occurred at <18 years. Model I adjusted for age (at the time of questionnaire completion), childhood adverse SES score (summary variable of yes answers ranging from 0 to 3 of the following questions: low/poor self-reported income growing up, household educational attainment at age 13 <high school, and food insecurity) and race/ethnicity. Model II further adjusted for the following variables measured at baseline: marital status, educational attainment, alcohol consumption, and smoking status. Model III further adjusted for the following variables measured at baseline: body mass index and clinical depression. Bolded values indicate statistical significance.
aWhere log-binomial models did not converge due to sparseness of data, Poisson regression with robust variance estimator was used.