Table 3.
Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals for poor sleep among 40 082 women who reported experiencing a traumatic childhood experience (TCE) compared to those who reported no TCE (The Sister Study)
| Short sleep (<7 hours) | Takes > 30 minutes to fall asleep | Awakened ≥ 3 times once asleep ≥3 times/week | Napping ≥3 times per week | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | |
| No reported trauma | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Any traumatic experience | ||||
| Childhood (0–12 years) | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.08) | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.09) | 1.00 (0.92 to 1.07) | 1.02 (0.94 to 1.11) |
| Adolescence (13–17 years) | 1.04 (0.99 to 1.10) | 1.03 (0.96 to 1.11) | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.08) | 1.06 (0.96 to 1.16) |
| Both | 1.13 (1.08 to 1.17) | 1.29 (1.23 to 1.36) | 1.23 (1.16 to 1.30) | 1.15 (1.08 to 1.24) |
| Natural disasters | ||||
| Childhood (0–12 years) | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.19) a | 1.13 (1.00 to 1.27) | 1.06 (0.91 to 1.24) | 1.07 (0.90 to 1.28) |
| Adolescence (13–17 years) | 1.15 (1.03 to 1.28) a | 1.11 (0.92 to 1.33) | 1.26 (1.02 to 1.55) | 1.26 (0.99 to 1.60) |
| Both | 1.54 (1.23 to 1.93) a | 1.56 (1.05 to 2.34) | 1.28 (0.65 to 2.50) | 1.46 (0.75 to 2.83) |
| Major accidents | ||||
| Childhood (0–12 years) | 1.06 (0.94 to 1.19) | 1.14 (0.97 to 1.33) | 1.14 (0.94 to 1.37) | 1.01 (0.80 to 1.28) |
| Adolescence (13–17 years) | 1.04 (0.94 to 1.16) | 1.24 (1.09 to 1.42) | 1.12 (0.95 to 1.33) | 1.13 (0.93 to 1.38) |
| Both | 1.30 (0.87 to 1.94) | 1.82 (1.09 to 3.03) | 0.84 (0.29 to 2.44) | 1.15 (0.40 to 3.31) |
| Household dysfunction | ||||
| Childhood (0–12 years) | 1.01 (0.95 to 1.08) | 1.12 (1.02 to 1.22) | 1.04 (0.93 to 1.15) | 1.16 (1.04 to 1.31) |
| Adolescence (13–17 years) | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.07) | 1.12 (1.01 to 1.23) | 0.98 (0.87 to 1.11) | 1.05 (0.91 to 1.21) |
| Both | 1.11 (1.05 to 1.17) | 1.25 (1.17 to 1.34) | 1.25 (1.15 to 1.35) | 1.14 (1.03 to1.27) |
| Sexual trauma | ||||
| Childhood (0–12 years) | 1.07 (1.02 to 1.12) | 1.15 (1.08 to 1.23) | 1.18 (1.10 to 1.28) | 1.12 (1.02 to 1.23) |
| Adolescence (13–17 years) | 1.10 (1.03 to 1.16) | 1.18 (1.09 to 1.29) | 1.15 (1.03 to 1.27) | 1.03 (0.91 to 1.17) |
| Both | 1.25 (1.15 to 1.36) | 1.35 (1.19 to 1.53) | 1.53 (1.33 to 1.76) | 1.30 (1.08 to 1.56) |
| Physical trauma | ||||
| Childhood (0–12 years) | 1.14 (1.07 to 1.22) | 1.31 (1.20 to 1.44) | 1.20 (1.07 to 1.34) | 1.10 (0.96 to 1.25) |
| Adolescence (13–17 years) | 1.08 (0.99 to 1.18) | 1.25 (1.11 to 1.40) | 1.21 (1.05 to 1.40) | 1.37 (1.17 to 1.60) |
| Both | 1.19 (1.07 to 1.32) | 1.74 (1.56 to 1.95) | 1.40 (1.20 to 1.64) | 1.37 (1.13 to 1.65) |
| Psychological/emotional | ||||
| Childhood (0–12 years) | 1.05 (1.00 to 1.10) | 1.03 (0.96 to 1.10) | 1.00 (0.92 to 1.09) | 1.08 (0.98 to 1.19) |
| Adolescence (13–17 years) | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.09) | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.19) | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.14) | 1.06 (0.96 to 1.17) |
| Both | 1.13 (1.09 to 1.18) | 1.36 (1.29 to 1.44) | 1.23 (1.15 to 1.32) | 1.16 (1.07 to 1.26) |
All models were adjusted for age (at the time of questionnaire completion), childhood adverse SES score (summary variable of yes answers ranging from 0 to 3 of the following questions: low/poor self-reported income growing up, household educational attainment at age 13 <high school, and food insecurity) and race/ethnicity. Childhood household educational attainment was determined by adult(s) who lived in the household and were legally responsible for participant at age 13 years. All traumatic childhood experiences include non-mutually exclusive events that occurred at <18 years. Bolded values indicate statistical significance.
aThe validity of the model fit is questionable due to the convergence criterion exceeding the limit of 0.0001 due to the small sample size of participants who reported this trauma at both ≤12 years old and 13–17 years old. Results should be interpreted with caution.