. 2019 May 3;46(1):140–153. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbz033

Table 3.

Childhood Adversity Questionnaire Differences Among Cognitive Groups and by Diagnosis

			HC	CIQ	DIQ	PIQ	All Groups		Gender		HC vs patients	CIQ vs DIQ	CIQ vs PIQ	DIQ vs PIQ
CAQ Item	Statistic/Value	Sex					F	P	F	P	P	P ^c	P	P
Total CAQ	Mean	M	2.4	6.1	4.8	5.4	60	<.001	24.7	<.001	<.001	.004 ^c	.200	.049
		F	2.9	8.8	6.5	7.5
Factor 1—Overt abuse	Mean	M	0.7	1.5	1.5	1.5	32.4	<.001	22.7	<.001	<.001	.228^c	.24	.093
		F	0.8	2.6	1.9	2.7
							χ²	P	χ²	P
I had a strict, authoritarian or regimented childhood	%	M	24	43	38	41	31.6	<.001	0.1	.732	<.001
		F	28	48	48	58
I was verbally abused by a parent	%	M	16	31	39	34	62.8	<.001	3.5	.06	<.001
		F	13	40	35	46
I suffered humiliation, ridicule, bullying or mental cruelty from a parent	%	M	8	29	26	26	69.3	<.001	0.4	0.521	<.001
		F	11	40	33	48
I witnessed physical or sexual abuse of others in family	%	M	6	11	11	14	19.8	<.001	12.5	<.001	<.001
		F	11	36	25	35
I was physically abused by a parent	%	M	9	19	17	22	32.3	<.001	1.4	.241	<.001
		F	11	36	29	37
I received too much physical punishment	%	M	9	20	15	18	38.9	<.001	1.6	.209	<.001
		F	9	36	25	44
Factor 2—Lack of care							F	P	F	P
	Mean	M	0.7	3.1	2.3	2.8	52	<.001	21.4	<.001	<.001	.003 ^c	.421	.035
		F	0.6	2.2	1.5	1.8
							χ²	P	χ²	P
No fatherly affection^a	%	M	20	30	24	31	24.6	<.001	3.9	.046	<.001	.03 ^c
		F	13	41	22	30
No maternal affection^a	%	M	4	17	8	10	21	<.001	4.5	.034	<.001	.080^c
		F	7	20	19	25
I did not have a happy childhood	%	M	8	32	26	27	73	<.001	<0.1	.984	<.001	.040 ^c
		F	11	52	30	46
Mother suffered nervous, emotional trouble or depression	%	M	10	40	31	34	48.7	<.001	5.1	.024	<.001	.880^c
		F	23	36	51	51
Parents did not do their best for me	%	M	4	8	8	14	38.7	<.001	0.8	.362	<.001	.890^c
		F	3	20	19	29
I was neglected	%	M	5	25	11	14	56.3	<.001	0.3	.593	<.001	.010 ^c
		F	4	32	22	29
I did not have a normal upbringing	%	M	6	29	31	32	100.9	<.001	0.3	.604	<.001	.190^c
		F	11	40	51	42
I was sexually abused by a parent	%	M	1	8	3	2	24.9	<.001	5.1	.025	<.001	.040 ^c
		F	2	20	10	15
I experienced another type of mistreatment	%	M	4	25	16	27	87.4	<.001	1.3	.264	<.001	.112^c
		F	4	36	30	27
Factor 3—Family breakdown and hardship							F	P	F	P
	Mean	M	1.2	2.7	2.1	2.5	40.2	<.001	6.6	.01	<.001	.002 ^c	.036	.299
		F	1.6	3.2	2.6	2.5
							χ²	P	χ²	P
Father suffered nervous, emotional trouble or depression	%	M	10	37	36	38	70.4	<.001	0.2	.694	<.001	.830^c
		F	16	40	44	39
Father had trouble with drinking or drugs	%	M	15	42	26	34	35.9	<.001	<.1	.907	<.001	.020 ^c
		F	18	45	37	27
Parents divorced or permanently separated in childhood	%	M	16	40	29	34	32.8	<.001	1.7	.192	<.001	.005 ^c
		F	20	56	27	17
Mother had trouble with drinking or drugs	%	M	3	13	10	11	18.17	<.001	1.1	.297	<.001	.163^c
		F	7	28	18	14
Conflict or tension in the household^b	%	M	56	88	76	81	46.9	<.001	0.3	.606	<.001	.044 ^c
		F	63	84	81	83
I grew up in poverty or financial hardship	%	M	14	28	20	31	13.4	.004	5.1	.024	.005	.012 ^c
		F	23	48	22	29

Note: HC, healthy control group; CIQ, compromised group; DIQ, deteriorated group; PIQ, preserved group. Bold font indicates significant result. Factor and total scores: results of MANOVAs for CAQ total and factor scores indicated by F tests across all group comparisons (including healthy controls and the 3 cognitive groups). Healthy controls compared with all patients combined were tested by post hoc t tests. For post hoc tests, 2-tailed significance levels are shown unless otherwise noted. Only significance values passing Bonferroni correction are bolded. Individual item scores: Results of logistic regressions for binary outcomes with odds ratio (OR) shown for each item. Percentage of participants in each group (%) endorsing each item are shown. Bonferroni correction was not used for each individual item since the significant difference in factor score was already controlled for multiple comparisons.

^aParent who was not at all affectionate or no parental figure.

^bA lot of conflict or tension.

^cOne-tailed tests.