Table 2.
Univariate association between top 30 biomarkers and urinary tract infection (UTI) in urine and serum by decreasing Q value.a
| Biomarker | Number (No UTI/UTI) | Mean (SD) level in No UTI (pg/mL) | Mean (SD) level in UTI (pg/mL) | Q value | AUC | Sensitivityb | Specificityb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urinary markers | |||||||
| IL-9 | 50/102 | 3.50 (3.36) | 14.91 (9.54) | 6.30E-18 | 0.93 | 0.81 | 0.92 |
| CXCL12 (SDF1) | 50/102 | 71.68 (31.92) | 136.79 (61.41) | 3.84E-13 | 0.85 | 0.72 | 0.88 |
| IL-13 | 50/102 | 2.43 (1.21) | 4.89 (2.96) | 5.78E-10 | 0.81 | 0.55 | 0.94 |
| Interferon γ | 50/102 | 10.50 (18.54) | 39.93 (39.93) | 2.96E-09 | 0.82 | 0.71 | 0.86 |
| NGAL | 50/103 | 140023.14 (337843.37) | 620493.72 (554538.14) | 1.13E-08 | 0.89 | 0.79 | 0.90 |
| PDGF | 50/102 | 5.07 (3.56) | 17.33 (18.56) | 3.39E-08 | 0.76 | 0.48 | 0.96 |
| TNF α | 50/102 | 3.98 (2.81) | 14.54 (16.18) | 4.05E-08 | 0.85 | 0.92 | 0.70 |
| IL-2 | 50/102 | 2.28 (1.67) | 9.21 (10.77) | 4.96E-08 | 0.89 | 0.78 | 0.90 |
| IL-12 | 50/102 | 35.63 (23.44) | 67.03 (42.50) | 2.55E-07 | 0.75 | 0.74 | 0.66 |
| CXCL1 (GROα) | 50/102 | 325.13 (826.33) | 1415.24 (1539.32) | 5.04E-07 | 0.86 | 0.77 | 0.86 |
| IL-16 | 50/102 | 73.45 (61.40) | 521.25 (799.99) | 1.03E-06 | 0.78 | 0.46 | 0.98 |
| IL-5 | 50/102 | 0.42 (0.97) | 2.30 (3.16) | 1.07E-06 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.74 |
| IL-4 | 50/102 | 0.41 (0.28) | 0.95 (0.92) | 1.46E-06 | 0.74 | 0.65 | 0.72 |
| CCL4 (MIP-1β) | 50/102 | 63.01 (117.88) | 299.01 (465.03) | 1.82E-05 | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0.68 |
| IL-8 | 50/102 | 142.18 (236.21) | 1086.23 (1954.96) | 2.12E-05 | 0.87 | 0.90 | 0.76 |
| SCGF β | 50/102 | 734.07 (671.90) | 2418.95 (3467.73) | 2.62E-05 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.68 |
| IL-17A | 50/102 | 11.96 (26.66) | 47.28 (68.45) | 4.40E-05 | 0.86 | 0.90 | 0.76 |
| FGF (basic) | 50/102 | 19.30 (17.40) | 33.23 (17.99) | 5.02E-05 | 0.76 | 0.62 | 0.80 |
| MIP-1a | 50/102 | 1.23 (3.56) | 8.82 (17.51) | 0.000180088 | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.80 |
| Serum markers | |||||||
| Interferon α2 | 67/72 | 9.98 (19.77) | 42.83 (18.53) | 2.76E-16 | 0.85 | 0.88 | 0.81 |
| CXCL12 (SDF1) | 67/72 | 233.41 (92.13) | 387.42 (102.47) | 1.28E-14 | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.81 |
| FGF (basic) | 66/71 | 19.91 (31.12) | 70.56 (50.65) | 2.13E-09 | 0.81 | 0.76 | 0.82 |
| SCGF β | 67/72 | 10097.59 (10921.95) | 27334.10 (18837.83) | 1.48E-08 | 0.83 | 0.85 | 0.76 |
| Leukemia inhibitory factor | 67/72 | 6.68 (6.21) | 13.73 (6.52) | 1.48E-08 | 0.80 | 0.69 | 0.88 |
| IL-18 | 67/72 | 44.83 (36.02) | 93.97 (58.82) | 2.22E-07 | 0.79 | 0.83 | 0.73 |
| CCL5 (RANTES) | 66/71 | 6919.59 (3038.73) | 10155.59 (3615.38) | 5.39E-07 | 0.76 | 0.72 | 0.79 |
| IL-3 | 67/72 | 27.63 (52.54) | 125.84 (134.92) | 8.09E-07 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.78 |
| IL-2 receptor α | 67/72 | 111.09 (84.50) | 209.47 (123.80) | 1.16E-06 | 0.78 | 0.83 | 0.63 |
| IL-7 | 66/71 | 49.04 (34.21) | 25.07 (16.48) | 6.61E-06 | 0.76 | 0.66 | 0.82 |
| IL-17A | 66/71 | 34.19 (34.20) | 83.72 (94.34) | 0.000268492 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.70 |
a
Q value represents p value corrected for multiple comparisons.
b
Sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of UTI in children with evidence of pyuria. These values were determined using cutoff that maximized the Youden index (sensitivity + specificity −1).