Selected upconverting nanoparticle-based hybridization probes. (A) A dual gold nanoparticle/upconversion system that allows for simultaneous monitoring of luminescent and circular dichroism (CD) signal change upon binding of miRNA. Target binding leads to structural disassembly, giving increased luminescence and decreased CD signal. Adapted with permission.[120] Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (B) AuNR/UCNP satellite assembly that is disassembled upon target binding, leading to increase in luminescence due to separation of UCNP and AuNR. A more detailed description of the platform is given in section 2.4.2. Adapted with permission.[89] Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (C) A schematic of a AuNR@Pt-UCNPs satellite assembly that can detect both miR-21 and telomerase simultaneously. miRNA binding leads to separation of the nanorods and a change in Raman signal, while telomerase presence leads to separation of gold nanorods and UCNPs and a subsequent luminescence signal. Adapted with permission.[200] Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.