. 2019 Nov 30;70:93–102. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2018-0096

Table 1.

Hydration/dehydration outcomes studied in full Ironman races.

Study	Sample [n; age (mean ± SD; sex]	Race characteristics			Body composition		Hydration/dehydration outcome

		Temperature [mean (range)]	Hydration / Feeding	Mean race time	Body mass (Δ%)	Free fat mass (Δ%)	Variable	Relative variation (Δ%)
Laursen et al. (2006)	10; 34.7 ± 4.8; male	20.5°C (19 – 26°C)	NR	10h11min	-2.93%	NR	USG (g/ml)	0.59 % *
Hew-Butler et al. (2007)	181; 34.2 ± 8.2; male	20.5°C (17–23.9°C)	ad libitum	12h39min	-4.87%	NR	Plasma Na (mmol/l)	0.64 %
Knechtle et al. (2010)	16; 36.6 ± 7.0; female	NR (17–23°C)	NR	12h11min	-1.00%	-1.8%	USG (g/ml) Plasma Na (mmol/l)	1.29 % * -1.66 % *
Knechtle et al. (2010)	27; 39.3 ± 9.2; male	NR (17–25°C)	NR	11h36min	-2.3%	-2.3%	USG (g/ml) Plasma Na (mmol/l)	1.19 % * - 0.43 %
							Total Body Water (l)	- 1.18 %
Meyer et al. (2012)	15; 40.1 ± 6.8; male	NR (14–23.2°C)	ad libitum	11h09min	-3.2%	-2.9%	USG (g/ml) Plasma [Na⁺] (mmol/l)	1.28 % * 0.79 %
							Urine osmolality (mosmol/kgH₂O)	57.3 % *
							Serum osmolality (mosmol/kgH₂O)	2.70 % *
Mueller et al. (2013)	8; 43.5 ± 5.5; male	NR (14–23.2°C)	ad libitum	11h27min	-2.5%	-2.35%	USG (g/ml) Plasma [Na⁺] (mmol/l)	1.48 % * 1.15 % *
							Urine osmolality (mosmol/kgH₂O)	68.3 % *
							Plasma osmolality (mosmol/kgH₂O)	3.2 % *

Hydration/dehydration outcomes studied in full Ironman races. NR: non-reported; USG: urine specific gravity (g/ml); Na: plasmatic sodium (mmol/l); TBW: total body water (l); UO: urine osmolality (mosmol/kgH₂O); PO: plasma osmolality (mosmol/kgH₂O); PO: plasma osmolality (mosmol/kgH₂O); *: statistical difference from baseline to post-race values (p < 0.05)