Figure 2. A demographic model based on 114 individuals from 9 meta-populations.

a) We used Rarecoal and qpGraph to test topologies and estimate split times and admixture edges (dashed). For a complete list of parameter estimates, including confidence intervals, see Supplementary Information section 9. b) A zoomed-in model for the last 6,000 years and 5 populations, highlighting the Holocene migrations and gene flow events between Asia and America. Maximum likelihood branching points of ancient genomes are indicated as solid dots. Times are scaled using a per-generation mutation rate²⁸ of 1.25×10⁻⁸ and a generation time of 29 years²⁹ (see Supplementary Information section 9).