Fig. 1.

Comparison of growth kinetics (a, c, e, g) and average doubling time during reproducing (b, d, f, h) of the haploid wild-type yeast strain BY4741 and isogenic mutant strains sod1Δ, sod2Δ, rad52Δ treated with curcumin. The optical density (OD₆₀₀) of the cultures was measured at different time points for up to 24 h. Error bars represent standard deviations obtained from three independent experiments Statistical significance (b, d, f, h) was assessed using ANOVA and the Dunnett’s post hoc test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001) compared to the control (untreated). Bars indicate SD