Figure 1.

Average total number of patients overdosed, i.e. treated with a regime having true ${\pi }_{c,r}^T>{\overline{\pi }}^T=.15$ in scenarios 1–6 and ${\pi }_{c,r}^T>{\overline{\pi }}^T=.30$ in scenarios 7–8, for the TD (circle o), ITD (triangle Δ), TD_C (plus +), and TD_U (cross ×) under the simulation scenarios in Table 1. “TD” is the proposed two-stage trial design; “TD_C” denotes the two-stage trial design based on complete (Y^T, Y^E) data; “TD_U” denotes the two-stage trial design based on AR probabilities ${\omega }_c^{\prime }(d,s)$; “ITD” denotes the independent two-stage design that conducts a separate regime-finding trial for each subgroup.