Table 1. General recommendations for screening and follow-up of cardio-metabolic comorbidities in patients with HIV infection.

Assessment	At HIV infection diagnosis and ART initiation	Follow-up
History and physical exam	+	Every visit*, as needed**
Lifestyle optimization	+	Every visit
HIV treatment review and DDI check	+	Every visit
Full blood count	+	Every visit
Blood pressure	+	Every visit
Lipid profile	+	Annually
Fasting plasma glucose	+	Every 6-12 months
BMI	+	Every visit
ECG	+	Every 6 months, or more often if needed***
Echocardiography****	+	Every 6-12 months
CV risk assessment (D:A:D score)	+	Annually

BMI – body mass index; CV – cardiovascular; DDI – drug-drug interactions; ECG – electrocardiogram.

^*A visit is defined as a regular consult with an ID specialist, which may occur every 6 months, or sooner if medically indicated.

^**According to symptoms. With respect to comorbidities, history will focus on medication adherence, CV symptoms evolution/onset, and patients’ concerns related to CV disease and treatment.

^***Follow-up ECGs should be indicated at a frequency dependent on the results of the initial evaluation, i.e., if abnormal findings are present on the initial ECG more frequent follow-up would be warranted. One example of particular interest is QT prolongation, especially in connection with ART regimens that may also associate further QT prolongation.

^****If echocardiography is not available, assessment of N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) could be considered.