Table 3. General recommendations for screening and follow-up of kidney disease in patients with HIV infection.

Assessment	At HIV infection diagnosis and initiation of ART	Follow-up
Risk assessment	+	Every visit*, as needed**
Lifestyle optimization	+	Every visit
Urine analysis	+	Annually
Proteinuria (dipstick)	+***	Annually
Serum creatinine	+	Annually or more frequently, if indicated
Estimated GFR (CKD-EPI formula)	+	3-12 months

ART – antiretroviral therapy; CKD – chronic kidney disease; GRF – glomerular filtration rate.

^*A visit is defined as a regular consult with an ID specialist, which may occur every 6 months, or sooner if medically-indicated.

^**CKD risk factors and treatment with ARV agent with potential nephrotoxicity; the D:A:D score recommended for renal risk assessment (medium risk 0-4, high risk >5).

^***If dipstick test for proteinuria is positive, recommend urinary protein/creatinine ratio.