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Waveform of the anterior–posterior component of ground reaction force (GRF) (a) and the anterior–posterior acceleration of lumbar spine (b) during stance phase. Late stance was defined as duration that the anterior–posterior GRF shows anterior force. The intervals of anteriorly directed GRF and acceleration (the gray area) were integrated to estimate the impulse of the anterior GRF and the velocity increment of trunk (thorax, lumbar spine). IC, initial contact.
