Table 1.

Material parameters of cell components.

Materials	Elastic modulus (Pa)	Poisson's ratio (v)	Cross-sectional area (nm2)
Membrane [28, 29]	1000, 5000∼8000	0.3	Thickness = 0.1∼0.5 μm
Cytoplasm [14]	100	0.37	∼
Nucleus [14]	400	0.37	∼
MTs [30]	1.2 × 109	0.3	190
MFs [30]	2.6 × 109	0.3	19
IFs [31]	2 × 109	0.3	100