Cytotoxicity of caffeic acid, CAPE, and EGCG on KN-3 cells. KN-3 cells were treated with caffeic acid, CAPE, or EGCG (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, or 10.0 μg/ml) for 24 hours. Microphotographs of KN-3 cells: nontreated control (without polyphenols) (a) and stimulated with 10 μg/ml caffeic acid (b), 10 μg/ml CAPE (c), or 10 μg/ml EGCG (d) for 24 hours. Cytotoxicity of caffeic acid (e), CAPE (f), and EGCG (g) on KN-3 cells was analyzed by LDH cytotoxicity assay. Values represent the means ± SDs from representative of three independent experiments, and each experiment was performed in triplicate. Asterisks indicate significant differences versus the control without polyphenols (∗p < 0.05 vs. control).