Table 2.

Clinical applications of HBP for various infectious diseases.

Disease	Function	Reference
Sepsis
Circulatory failure	HBP is associated with severity of circulatory failure, and elevated HBP at admission is associated with an increased risk of death.	[59–62]
AKI	Plasma concentration of HBP is related to the development of severe kidney injury.	[34, 65–67]
ALI/ARDS	HBP is associated with ALI/ARDS.	[65, 72, 73]
Bacterial skin infection	Increased levels of HBP in the infected skin were observed when compared to those of the noninfected areas in patients suffering from bacterial skin infections.	[76]
Acute bacterial meningitis	HBP levels in cerebrospinal fluid and in serum were significantly higher in patients diagnosed with bacterial meningitis.	[79, 80]
Leptospirosis	High levels of HBP were detected in serum from patients diagnosed with leptospirosis, particularly at the early phase of the disease.	[32]

AKI: acute kidney injury; ALI: acute lung injury; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; HBP: heparin-binding protein.