Figure 1.

Effects of metformin on various parameters measured 24 hours after tMCAO in mice. (a) Infarction in serial brain sections stained by TTC (magenta: healthy tissue; white: damaged tissue). (b) Statistical analysis of the percentage of infarct volume was determined for each group. (c) Neurological scores after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in the vehicle and metformin treatment groups. (d) Hematoxylin eosin stains of coronal sections of the brain after 24 hours of reperfusion in the dose-response study groups (n = 3 per group). Scale bar = 100 μm. (e) Effects of metformin on neuronal immunoreactivity in tMCAO mice (n = 3 per group). Scale bar = 100 μm. (f) Effect of metformin on apoptosis in the mice ischemic brain (n = 3 per group). Scale bar = 100 μm. (g) Hemispheric water content. Water content in the ischemic and nonischemic contralateral brain hemispheres studied 24 hours after 1.5 hours of MCAO in mice with and without metformin administration. Histograms represent the mean ± SD (n = 6). ^∗∗p < 0.01 versus the vehicle group by 1-way analysis of variance with Tukey's multiple comparison test. (e) Number of NeuN-immunopositive cells/mm² of brain section. Histograms represent the mean ± SD. ^∗p < 0.05 versus the vehicle group by 1-way analysis of variance with Tukey's multiple comparison test. (f) Number of TUNEL-positive cells/mm² in the brain sections. Data were expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3 per group). ^∗p < 0.05 and ^∗∗p < 0.01 versus the vehicle group; ^#p < 0.05 versus the edaravone group by 1-way analysis of variance with Tukey's multiple comparison test. (j) Statistical analysis of the percentage of infarct volume was determined for each group at different reperfusion time points (3, 7, and 14 d). Data were expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3 per group). ^∗p < 0.05 and ^∗∗p < 0.01 versus the vehicle group by 1-way analysis of variance with Tukey's multiple comparison test. (k) Neurological scores after tMCAO in the vehicle and metformin treatment groups at different reperfusion time points (3, 7, and 14 d). Data were expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3 per group). ^∗p < 0.05 and ^∗∗p < 0.01 versus the vehicle group by 1-way analysis of variance with Tukey's multiple comparison test. (l) Latency to fall after tMCAO in the vehicle and metformin treatment groups at different reperfusion time points (3, 7, and 14 d). Data were expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3 per group). ^∗p < 0.05 and ^∗∗p < 0.01 versus the vehicle group by 1-way analysis of variance with Tukey's multiple comparison test.