Table 1. Baseline characteristics of participants stratified by renal function decline status.
| Characteristic | Total (n=967) | Non-decliners (n=809) | Rapid decliners (n=158) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 53.7±9.4 | 53.4±9.3 | 56.0±9.9 | 0.002a |
| Male sex | 555 (57.4) | 500 (61.8) | 55 (34.8) | <0.001a |
| Diabetes duration, yr | 5.4±5.8 | 5.1±5.7 | 7.0±6.0 | <0.001a |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.4 ±3.2 | 25.4±3.2 | 25.3±3.1 | 0.765 |
| WC, cm | 88.3±8.1 | 88.5±8.2 | 87.4±7.6 | 0.132 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 125.8±14.6 | 125.5±14.7 | 127.1±14.3 | 0.219 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 78.7±9.3 | 78.7±9.4 | 78.7±9.2 | 0.985 |
| Hypertension | 443 (45.8) | 346 (42.7) | 97 (61.4) | <0.001a |
| Current smoker | 194 (20.1) | 173 (21.4) | 21 (13.3) | 1.000 |
| Dyslipidemia | 314 (32.5) | 263 (33.6) | 51 (33.6) | 1.000 |
| CVD | 107 (11.1) | 80 (9.9) | 27 (17.1) | 0.011a |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 147 (15.2) | 118 (14.6) | 29 (18.4) | 0.209 |
| Mean CIMT, mm | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.661 |
| Carotid plaque (+) | 315 (32.6) | 242 (29.9) | 73 (46.2) | <0.001a |
| HbA1c, % | 7.7±1.8 | 7.6±1.8 | 8.0±1.8 | 0.018a |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 143.5 ±52.4 | 143.3±53.3 | 144.0±48.2 | 0.891 |
| PP2 glucose, mg/dL | 262.2±93.8 | 261.7±92.6 | 264.9±100.2 | 0.746 |
| HOMA-IR, units | 3.0±3.1 | 3.0±2.9 | 3.1±3.8 | 0.582 |
| hsCRP, mg/dL | 1.8±7.5 | 1.9±7.9 | 1.4±2.1 | 0.388 |
| TG, mg/dL | 159.8±121.4 | 160.8±126.8 | 154.6±88.0 | 0.480 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 47.3±12.1 | 47.0±11.9 | 49.4±12.8 | 0.033a |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 103.1±36.2 | 103.7±36.6 | 100.3±33.7 | 0.316 |
| Albuminuria | 0.277 | |||
| Normoalbuminuria | 655 (67.7) | 552 (76.2) | 103 (71.0) | |
| Microalbuminuria | 191 (19.8) | 152 (21.0) | 39 (26.9) | |
| Macroalbuminuria | 23 (2.4) | 20 (2.8) | 3 (2.1) | |
| UACR, mg/g | 11.8 (5.7–29.0) | 11.2 (5.5–27.4) | 15.6 (6.2–34.3) | 0.018a |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.8±0.2 | 0.8±0.2 | 0.7±0.2 | 0.006a |
| eGFR at baseline, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 95.6±14.6 | 96.0±14.6 | 93.8±14.8 | 0.089 |
| eGFR at the end of FU, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 84.34±17.2 | 88.0±14.9 | 64.9±15.6 | <0.001a |
| eGFR slope, %/year | –1.1±2.6 | –0.4±1.9 | –5.2±1.9 | <0.001a |
| Diabetes medications | ||||
| Sulfonylurea | 212 (21.9) | 169 (20.9) | 43 (27.2) | 0.098 |
| Metformin | 299 (30.9) | 240 (33.4) | 59 (37.3) | 0.069 |
| Insulin | 71 (7.3) | 58 (7.2) | 13 (8.2) | 0.764 |
| Use of ACEi/ARB | 236 (24.4) | 88 (10.9) | 48 (30.4) | 0.070 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range). P values refer to the unpaired t-test or the chi-square test (for categorical variables).
BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; PP2, 2-hour post prandial; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; UACR, urinary albumin creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FU, follow-up; ACEi, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II-receptor blocker.
aStatistical significance.