Table 2. Maternal and neonatal outcomes according to GDM diagnosis.
| Variable | No GDM | IADPSG GDM | CC GDM | P valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 1,838 | 131 | 69 | |
| Maternal outcome | ||||
| Preeclampsia | 7 (0.4) | 4 (3.1) | 1 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Labor induction | 149 (8.1) | 12 (9.2) | 6 (8.7) | 0.903 |
| Primary Cesarean delivery | 592 (32.2) | 37 (28.2) | 21 (30.4) | 0.620 |
| Preterm delivery | 94 (5.1) | 11 (8.4) | 5 (7.2) | 0.217 |
| Neonatal outcome | ||||
| Male sex | 933 (50.8) | 72 (55.0) | 38 (55.1) | 0.527 |
| Gestational age, wk | 39.3±1.4 | 39.1±1.4 | 39.0±1.3 | 0.035 |
| Birth weight, g | 3,253±419 | 3,362±495 | 3,319±545 | 0.010 |
| LGA | 178 (9.7) | 28 (21.4) | 14 (20.3) | <0.001 |
| Macrosomia (>4.0 kg) | 63 (3.4) | 11 (8.4) | 7 (10.1) | 0.001 |
| SGA | 187 (10.2) | 10 (7.6) | 7 (10.1) | 0.645 |
| Shoulder dystocia or birth injury | 9 (0.5) | 2 (1.5) | 0 | 0.244 |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia | 9 (0.5) | 3 (2.3) | 3 (4.3) | <0.001 |
| Phototherapy | 515 (28.1) | 51 (38.9) | 17 (24.6) | 0.023 |
| NICU admission | 181 (9.9) | 9 (6.9) | 9 (13.0) | 0.349 |
| Overall adverse pregnancy outcome | 1,149 (62.5) | 94 (71.8) | 48 (69.6) | 0.058 |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; IADPSG, International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups; CC, Carpenter-Coustan; LGA, large for gestational age; SGA, small for gestational age; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.
aP for analysis of variance in the case of continuous variables and chi-square test in the case of discrete variables. The overall adverse pregnancy outcomes included preeclampsia, labor induction, primary cesarean delivery, birth weight above the 90th percentile, macrosomia, birth weight below the 10th percentile, shoulder dystocia or birth injury, neonatal hypoglycemia, phototherapy, and NICU admission.