Table 3. Association between GDM diagnosis and pregnancy outcomes.
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Preeclampsia | ||||
| No GDM | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| IADPSG GDM | 8.17 (2.36–28.3) | 0.001a | 6.90 (1.84–25.87) | 0.004a |
| CC GDM | 3.82 (0.46–31.44) | 0.213 | 2.47 (0.277–22.11) | 0.419 |
| Labor induction | ||||
| No GDM | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| IADPSG GDM | 1.14 (0.62–2.12) | 0.671 | 1.31 (0.68–2.50) | 0.420 |
| CC GDM | 1.08 (0.46–2.54) | 0.861 | 1.62 (0.66–3.97) | 0.289 |
| Primary cesarean delivery | ||||
| No GDM | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| IADPSG GDM | 0.83 (0.56–1.23) | 0.348 | 0.80 (0.50–1.26) | 0.330 |
| CC GDM | 0.92 (0.55–1.55) | 0.757 | 0.60 (0.33–1.08) | 0.087 |
| Preterm deliveryb | ||||
| No GDM | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| IADPSG GDM | 1.70 (0.89–3.26) | 0.110 | 1.86 (0.96–3.59) | 0.065 |
| CC GDM | 1.45 (0.57–3.68) | 0.436 | 1.58 (0.62–4.08) | 0.341 |
| LGA | ||||
| No GDM | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| IADPSG GDM | 2.54 (1.62–3.96) | <0.001a | 2.39 (1.50–3.81) | <0.001a |
| CC GDM | 2.37 (1.29–4.36) | 0.005a | 2.07 (1.08–3.94) | 0.028a |
| Macrosomia (>4.0 kg) | ||||
| No GDM | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| IADPSG GDM | 2.58 (1.33–5.03) | 0.005a | 2.53 (1.26–5.10) | 0.009a |
| CC GDM | 3.18 (1.40–7.23) | 0.006a | 3.34 (1.39–8.00) | 0.007a |
| SGA | ||||
| No GDM | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| IADPSG GDM | 0.73 (0.38–1.42) | 0.351 | 0.75 (0.38–1.47) | 0.396 |
| CC GDM | 0.99 (0.45–2.21) | 0.997 | 0.94 (0.42–2.13) | 0.879 |
| Shoulder dystocia or birth injury | ||||
| No GDM | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| IADPSG GDM | 3.14 (0.67–14.69) | 0.146 | 3.59 (0.75–17.18) | 0.109 |
| CC GDM | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia | ||||
| No GDM | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| IADPSG GDM | 4.75 (1.27–17.76) | 0.021a | 3.84 (1.01–14.74) | 0.049a |
| CC GDM | 9.21 (2.44–34.82) | 0.001a | 4.98 (1.17–21.31) | 0.030a |
| Phototherapy | ||||
| No GDM | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| IADPSG GDM | 1.63 (1.13–2.35) | 0.009a | 1.57 (1.07–2.31) | 0.022a |
| CC GDM | 0.84 (0.48–1.46) | 0.530 | 0.63 (0.36–1.13) | 0.122 |
| NICU admission | ||||
| No GDM | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| IADPSG GDM | 0.68 (0.34–1.35) | 0.266 | 0.67 (0.30–1.24) | 0.169 |
| CC GDM | 1.37 (0.67–2.81) | 0.388 | 1.15 (0.55–2.41) | 0.702 |
| Overall adverse outcomes | ||||
| No GDM | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| IADPSG GDM | 1.52 (1.03–2.25) | 0.035a | 1.63 (1.08–2.47) | 0.021a |
| CC GDM | 1.17 (0.90–1.52) | 0.236 | 1.05 (0.80–1.39) | 0.711 |
Model 1, unadjusted; Model 2, adjusted for maternal age, parity, height, body mass index at delivery, gestational age at delivery, and baby's sex; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; IADPSG, International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups; CC, Carpenter-Coustan; LGA, large for gestational age; SGA, small for gestational age; NA, not applicable; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.
aP<0.05, bGestational age at delivery was not adjusted for preterm delivery in model 2.