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CTS, COST, and COSM increased the energy expenditure of obese rats. Energy expenditure was assessed by measuring the volume of oxygen (VO2) (A), volume of carbon dioxide (VCO2) (B), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (C), and heat production (D) of each group (n = 3) of obese rats at room temperature (22 °C). Data are expressed as the mean ± Standard Deviation (SD), * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 vs. the HF group.
