AD	Alzheimer’s disease
AGEs	Advanced glycation end-product
AICD	Amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain
ALS	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ANP	Atrial natriuretic peptide
APP	Amyloid precursor protein
Asn	Asparagine
Aβ	Amyloid beta
BACE-1	β-Site APP-cleaving enzyme 1
CAG	Glutamine-coding
CCI4	Carbon tetrachloride
CMD	Congenital muscular dystrophy
CML	N-carboxymethyl-lysine
CN	Caudate nucleus
CNS	Central nervous system
COX-2	Cyclooxygenase-2
CSF	Cerebrospinal fluid
CTF	C-terminal fragments
CTLA-4	Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4
dolichol-P	Dolichol-phosphate
DON	6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine
ECM	Extracellular matrix
ELISA	Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
ER	Endoplasmic reticulum
ERAD	ER-associated degradation
ErkFDA	Extracellular signal-regulated kinasesFood and Drug Administration
GlcNAc	N-acetylglucosamine
GlcNAc-1-P	N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate
GlcNAc6ST1	A carbohydrate sulfotransferase
GM1	Monosialotetrahexosylganglioside
GM2	Monosialic ganglioside
GM3	Monosialodihexosylganglioside
GSLs	Glycosphingolipids
HD	Huntington’s disease
HMGB1	High mobility group box 1 protein
HNK-1	Human natural killer-1 glycan antigen
HSAS	X-linked hydrocephalus with stenosis of the aqueduct of sylvius
I-R	Ischemia–reperfusion
IgG	Immunoglobulin G
IL-6	Interleukin 6
L-DOPA	Levodopa
L1CAM	Neural cell adhesion molecule L1
LacCer	Lactosylceramide
Lewy bodies	α-Synuclein aggregates
LeX	LewisX
LIGA-20	A blood–brain barrier-permeable GM1 analogue
MALDI-TOF	Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization
MASA syndrome	A rare X-linked recessive neurological disorder on the L1 disorder spectrum
MEB	Muscle–eye–brain disease
mHtt	Mutant huntingtin
MS	Multiple Sclerosis
NCAM	Neural cell adhesion molecule
NeuGc	N-glycolylneuraminic acid
NF-kβ	Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NO	Nitric oxide
NSPC	Neural stem and progenitor cells
NTD	Neural tube defect
O-GlcNAc	O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine
OGA	O-GlcNAcase
OGT	O-GlcNAc transferase
P0	Myelin protein zero
p3 peptide	3-kDa fragments of amino-terminal truncated Aβ peptides
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PHFs	Paired helical filaments
PNS	Peripheral nervous system
pRb	Etinoblastoma protein
PS	Presenilin
PSA	Polysialic acid
PST	ST8Sia IV
PTM	Post-translational modification
RAGE	Receptor for advanced glycation end-products
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
Ser	Serine
Sirt1	NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1
sLeX	Sialyl LewisX
SOD1	Superoxide dismutase 1
sRAGE	Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products
ST	Sialyltransferase
STAT3	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
STX	ST8Sia II
Thr	Threonine
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
UA	Ursolic acid
UDP	Uridine diphosphate
α-Sp22	A glycosylated form of α-synuclein