Table 1.
Essential oils used in the experiments.
| Essential Oils or EO Constituents Used in Different Experimental Settings | References |
|---|---|
| In Vitro Investigations | |
| Allium sativum (garlic) | [22] |
| Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus) | [23,24] |
| eugenol (from Syzygium aromaticum, clove) | [25,26] |
| Ferula iliensis | [27] |
| frankincense EO (derived from Boswellia carterii) | [28] |
| Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) | [29] |
| Pituranthos tortuosus | [30] |
| Schinus molle | [31] |
| Syzygium cumini (jambolão) | [32] |
| Thymus vulgaris (thyme) | [33] |
| In Vivo Pre-Clinical Studies | |
| Carum copticum (bishop’s weed) seeds EO compounds: α-pinene and carvacrol | [34] |
| Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus) | [23,24] |
| Eugenia caryophyllata | [35] |
| Massoia aromatica bark EO and massoialactone | [36,37] |
| Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli) | [38] |
| orange EO, and its components: Limonene, linalool, and citral | [39] |
| Panax ginseng (ginseng) | [40] |
| Salvia officinalis (sage) | [41] |
| Syzygium aromaticum (clove) | [41] |
| Zanthoxylum rhoifolium | [42] |
| Zingiber officinale (ginger) | [41] |
| Dietary Supplementation for Livestock and Fish | |
| a blend of thyme (Thymus vulgaris), peppermint (Mentha piperita), and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) | [43] |
| a blend of thymol and carvacrol | [44] |
| a blend of thymol and cinnamaldehyde | [45,46,47,48] |
| Allium sativum (garlic) | [49] |
| Ducrosia anethifolia | [50] |
| Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus) | [51] |
| Juniperus communis (juniper) | [49] |
| Ocimum americanum (American basil) | [52] |
| Origanum onites | [53] |
| Origanum vulgare (oregano) | [54] |
| Satureja hortensis (savoury) | [55] |
| Thymus vulgaris (thyme) | [56] |
| Human Studies | |
| a blend of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), cypress (Cupressus sempervirens), and sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana) | [57] |
| a blend of orange sweet (Citrus sinensis), true lavender, and marjoram sweet (Origanum majorana) | [58] |
| a blend of sweet orange (Citrus aurantium), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), and sandalwood (Santalum album) | [59] |
| Chamaecyparis obtusa (hinoki cypress) | [60] |
| Citrus fragrance (lemon oil+orange oil+bergamot oil+cis-4-hexenol) | [61] |
| ginger EO | [62] |
| grapefruit, fennel, pepper, lavender, patchouli, and rose | [63] |
| Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) | [64] |
| Lavandula angustifolia (lavender), Citrus limonum (lemon) | [65] |