Table 1.
Basic chemical composition, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, tocopherols, and tocotrienols and fatty acids contents in sea buckthorn cultivars.
| Components | Aromatnaja | Botaniczeskaja- -Lubitelskaja |
Józef | Luczistaja | Moskwiczka | Podarok Sadu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry matter (%) | 13.08 ± 0.23 a | 11.88 ± 0.44 b | 12.03 ± 0.38 b | 11.78 ± 0.19 b | 12.84 ± 0.34 ab | 12.71 ± 0.40 ab |
| Soluble solid (°Bx) | 7.2 ± 0.01 a | 6.4 ± 0.00 a | 7.1 ± 0.01 a | 5.7 ± 0.01 a | 7.2 ± 0.01 a | 7.0 ± 0.00 a |
| pH | 2.95 ± 0.01 a | 2.90 ± 0.00 a | 2.90 ± 0.01 a | 2.90 ± 0.02 a | 2.89 ± 0.00 a | 2.93 ± 0.01 a |
| Titratable acidity (g malic acid/100 g) FW) | 2.44 ± 0.01 c | 2.62 ± 0.00 b | 2.59 ± 0.08 b | 2.71 ± 0.11 ab | 2.48 ± 0.03 bc | 2.79 ± 0.00 a |
| Ash (%) | 0.43 ± 0.01 a | 0.39 ± 0.01 a | 0.40 ± 0.02 a | 0.35 ± 0.04 a | 0.31 ± 0.01 a | 0.38 ± 0.05 a |
| Pectins (%) | 0.34 ± 0.04 b | 0.67 ± 0.16 a | 0.21 ± 0.17 c | 0.68 ± 0.18 a | 0.64 ± 0.06 a | 0.58 ± 0.18 ab |
| Vitamin C (mg/100 g FW) | 158.81 ± 0.78 a | 78.52 ± 0.64 b | 64.92 ± 1.00 d | 80.93 ± 2.32 b | 71.32 ± 3.67 c | 61.02 ± 0.21 d |
| Sugars (g/100 g FW) | ||||||
| Rhamnose | 0.05 ± 0.02 b | nd | 0.04 ± 0.01 c | 0.06 ± 0.00 a | nd | 0.04 ± 0.02 c |
| Fructose | 0.05 ± 0.00 d | 0.04 ± 0.02 e | 0.08 ± 0.02 b | 0.10 ± 0.02 a | 0.08 ± 0.02 b | 0.07 ± 0.01 c |
| Sorbitol | 0.14 ± 0.01 a | 0.07 ± 0.00 c | 0.11 ± 0.02 b | 0.08 ± 0.00 c | 0.13 ± 0.04 a | 0.09 ± 0.02 bc |
| Glucose | 1.96 ± 0.02 b | 1.21 ± 0.02 d | 1.73 ± 0.14 bc | 1.49 ± 0.28 c | 2.66 ± 0.65 a | 1.29 ± 0.08 cd |
| ∑ sugars | 2.20 ± 0.01 b | 1.34 ± 0.03 d | 1.96 ± 0.19 c | 1.70 ± 0.25 cd | 2.87 ± 0.71 a | 1.49 ± 0.13 cd |
| Organic acids (g/100 g FW) | ||||||
| Oxalic acid | 0.01 ± 0.00 b | 0.01 ± 0.00 b | 0.02 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.02 ± 0.02 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 a |
| Citric acid | 0.05 ± 0.00 b | 0.01 ± 0.00 d | 0.10 ± 0.05 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 c | 0.05 ± 0.01 b | 0.02 ± 0.00 cd |
| Isocitric acid | 0.21 ± 0.0 a | 0.11 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | 0.17 ± 0.01 a | nd | 0.16 ± 0.00 a |
| Malic acid | 0.96 ± 0.07 cd | 1.95 ± 0.00 b | 1.84 ± 0.09 b | 2.87 ± 0.21 a | 0.82 ± 0.03 d | 1.17 ± 0.13 c |
| Quinic acid | 0.09 ± 0.19 c | 0.99 ± 0.03 a | 0.27 ± 0.15 b | 1.14 ± 0.22 a | 0.07 ± 0.01 c | 0.16 ± 0.09 c |
| ∑ organic acids | 1.33 ± 0.11 d | 3.09 ± 0.27 b | 2.25 ± 0.20 c | 4.22 ± 0.13 a | 0.96 ± 0.13 e | 1.54 ± 0.14 d |
| Sugar: organic acid ratio | 1.65 b | 0.43 d | 0.87 c | 0.40 d | 2.99 a | 0.97 c |
| Phenolic compounds (mg/100 g DM) | ||||||
| Phenolic acids | 6.11 ± 1.98 c | 5.18 ± 1.52 d | 6.11 ± 1.88 c | 5.46 ± 1.07 d | 7.19 ± 2.52 b | 8.94 ± 2.74 a |
| Flavonols | 655.21 ± 46.16 b | 484.22 ± 24.80 c | 691.45 ± 56.36 b | 463.14 ± 30.48 c | 893.92 ± 54.96 a | 637.22 ± 42.75 b |
| ∑ phenolic compounds | 661.32 ± 48.14 b | 491.20 ± 26.71 c | 697.56 ± 58.34 b | 468.60 ± 31.55 c | 901.11 ± 57.48 a | 646.16 ± 45.52 b |
| Carotenoids (mg/100 g DM) | ||||||
| Xanthophylls | 80.73 ± 10.22 a | 45.71 ± 4.62 cd | 65.04 ± 5.33 b | 37.76 ± 4.77 d | 51.13 ± 7.18 c | 60.27 ± 8.11 b |
| Carotenes | 225.42 ± 12.27 a | 16.03 ± 2.93 e | 69.78 ± 4.60 c | 8.85 ± 1.52 f | 56.18 ± 4.27 d | 115.62 ± 8.11 b |
| Esterified carotenoids | 202.42 ± 7.02 a | nd | 23.11 ± 2.04 c | nd | 14.78 ± 1.35 d | 70.37 ± 3.20 b |
| ∑ carotenoids | 508.57 ± 29.54 a | 61.73 ± 7.55 e | 157.93 ± 11.97 c | 46.61 ± 6.29 e | 122.09 ± 12.80 d | 246.26 ± 19.42 b |
| ∑ tocopherols and tocotrienols (mg/100 g DM) |
27.12 ± 1.31 b | 27.68 ± 1.42 b | 28.23 ± 1.39 b | 34.27 ± 2.00 a | 29.29 ± 1.78 b | 27.58 ± 1.55 b |
| Fatty acids (%) | ||||||
| Palmitic (C16:0) | 34.29 ± 0.01 b | 33.24 ± 0.01 b | 33.45 ± 0.01 b | 32.82 ± 0.01 b | 38.19 ± 0.01 a | 32.00 ± 0.01 b |
| Palmitoleic (C16:1 n-7) | 25.84 ± 0.02 b | 23.67 ± 0.01 b | 25.87 ± 0.01 b | 31.25 ± 0.01 a | 26.40 ± 0.01 b | 26.17 ± 0.01 b |
| Stearic (C18:0) | 4.14 ± 0.01 a | 3.71 ± 0.01 ab | 3.89 ± 0.01 a | 2.65 ± 0.01 b | 4.49 ± 0.01 a | 2.72 ± 0.01 b |
| Oleic (C18:1 n-9) | 14.90 ± 0.01 ab | 17.83 ± 0.01 a | 15.03 ± 0.01 ab | 12.91 ± 0.01 b | 14.81 ± 0.01 b | 14.49 ± 0.01 b |
| Linoleic (C18:2 n-6) | 17.42 ± 0.03 b | 17.60 ± 0.01 b | 16.74 ± 0.01 b | 16.93 ± 0.01 b | 13.16 ± 0.01 c | 20.13 ± 0.01 a |
| Linolenic (C18:3 n-3) | 3.43 ± 0.01 b | 3.94 ± 0.01 ab | 3.40 ± 0.01 b | 3.44 ± 0.01 b | 2.95 ± 0.01 c | 4.49 ± 0.01 a |
| ∑SFAs | 38.42 ± 0.04 b | 36.95 ± 0.02 c | 37.34 ± 0.01 bc | 35.47 ± 0.02 c | 42.68 ± 0.02 a | 34.71 ± 0.01 c |
| ∑MUFAs | 40.73 ± 0.05 b | 41.50 ± 0.05 b | 40.90 ± 0.06 b | 44.16 ± 0.04 a | 41.21 ± 0.04 b | 40.66 ± 0.01 b |
| ∑PUFAs | 20.84 ± 0.03 b | 21.54 ± 0.04 b | 20.14 ± 0.01 b | 20.37 ± 0.02 b | 16.11 ± 0.01 c | 24.62 ± 0.01 a |
SFAs—saturated fatty acids. MUFAs—monounsaturated fatty acids. PUFAs - polyunsaturated fatty acids. The data shown are mean values ± SD (n = 3). nd - not detectable. DM—dry mass. FW—fresh weight. Different letters (a–d) in the same column denote a significant difference among varieties, according to Tukey’s test. p < 0.05.