Table 1.
Comparison of the involvement of different forms of ascorbate and enzymes linked to ascorbate metabolism in the regulation of plant growth and development, as well as responses to abiotic and biotic stress, between woody and nonwoody plants.
| Woody Plants | Nonwoody Plants | |
|---|---|---|
| Plant Development | ||
| synthesis of hormones and flavonoids | [26] | [25,38] |
| cellular signals | [41] | [40,42] |
| whole plant growth and development | [83] | [19,50] |
| vertical canopy profile | [52,54] | [62] |
| leaf expansion | [74] | |
| leaf senescence | [69,70,71] | [72] |
| photosynthetic activity | [30] | [75,76] |
| photoprotection | [23,29,32] | [27] |
| xanthophyll cycle | [23,28,29] | [24] |
| root growth | [83] | [79] |
| root quiescent center organization | [82] | [80,81] |
| organ and plant age | [63,64] | [66] |
| fruit development | [51,87,95,96,97] | [50,102,103] |
| fruit ripening | [86,99,105] | [53,60,106] |
| fruit size | [88,89] | [55,56,107] |
| Asc accumulation in fruits | [90,91,92,93,94] | [58,59,104] |
| fruit softening and postharvest fruit aging | [51,73,87] | [67,108,109] |
| cross-linking of cell wall | [45,131] | [79,130] |
| bud development and dormancy | [110,112] | [116,117,125] |
| flower development and sex determination | [111,114,115] | [113,118,119] |
| seed embryogenesis, seed filling phase | [120,122] | [19,124,126] |
| seed desiccation | [120,121,122] | [19] |
| seed viability | [123] | [128,129] |
| germination and seedling establishment | [121] | [127,130] |
| diurnal rhythm | [44] | [48,49,84] |
| seasonal changes | [32,180] | |
| monsoon seasons | [144] | [157] |
| Abiotic Stress | ||
| ozone | [34,142,150,151,152,156] | [153,154] |
| oxidative stress | [120,123,142,159,160,161,162] | [46,137,164,210,211] |
| photooxidative stress | [31,34,100,181] | [47,136,164] |
| drought stress | [33,61,163,168] | [159,212] |
| salinity stress | [168,170] | [165,171,213,214] |
| heat stress | [140,141] | [19,138,139] |
| cold tolerance/chilling stress | [86,178,179,182] | [165,166,169] |
| light stress | [33,34,35,36] | [77,78,135] |
| shade tolerance | [37,96] | [98] |
| acid rain impact | [183,184] | [185] |
| air pollution | [144,173] | [145,146] |
| soil pollution | [174,175,177] | [147,176] |
| Biotic Stress | ||
| fungal infection and disease | [187,188] | [195] |
| viral infection | [174] | [193] |
| bacterial infection | [189] | [68,194] |
| insects attack | [190,191] | [192] |
| mycorrhiza | [198,199] | [196,197] |
| Foliar Application | ||
| wounding | [201] | |
| increased crop yields | [202] | |
| vigor and nutritional status | [203] | [209] |
| plant growth | [205,206] | [139,204,208] |
| stress conditions | [207] | [209,212,213,214] |