. 2019 Sep 19;5(1):66–80. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.09.009

Table 3.

Candidate biomarkers with potential to identify mechanistic molecular pathways/targets of steroid resistance

No.	Name	Gene name	Difference pretreatment	SSNS post − pre^a		SRNS post − pre^a		Change with GC therapy		Group trend
No.	Name	Gene name	[SSNS/SRNS]	Median proteomic (iBAQ) signal area	P value signrank	Median proteomic (iBAQ) signal area	P value signrank	SSNS	SRNS	Group trend
1	Afamin (vitamin E binding protein)	AFM		1.21E+08	0.016	1.80E+07	0.547	↑^b	ns	Increase in both
2	Angiotensinogen	AGT		2.62E+08	0.031	1.45E+08	0.203	↑^b	ns
3	Apolipoprotein D	APOD		1.35E+07	0.813	1.07E+08	0.016	ns	↑^b
4	Apolipoprotein L1	APOL1		7.98E+06	0.016	4.26E+06	0.055	↑^b	ns
5	Alpha-2-glycoprotein 1, zinc-binding	AZGP1	0.6	5.02E+08	0.031	3.63E+08	0.039	↑^b	↑^b
6	Carboxypeptidase B2	CPB2		1.09E+07	0.016	2.40E+06	0.148	↑^b	ns
7	Gelsolin	GSN		8.40E+07	0.016	2.50E+06	0.945	↑^b	ns
8	Hyaluronan-binding protein 2	HABP2		1.21E+07	0.016	2.85E+06	0.461	↑^b	ns
9	Hemopexin	HPX	0.7	4.85E+09	0.016	1.05E+08	0.461	↑^b	ns
10	Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex acid labile subunit	IGFALS		7.09E+07	0.016	3.95E+06	0.742	↑^b	ns
11	Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin	SERPINA3		3.65E+08	0.031	1.23E+08	0.383	↑^b	ns
12	Kallistatin	SERPINA4		4.54E+07	0.016	7.25E+06	0.25	↑^b	ns
13	Plasma serine protease inhibitor	SERPINA5		4.60E+06	0.016	5.58E+05	0.844	↑^b	ns
14	Alpha-2-macroglobulin	A2M		−3.20E+09	0.016	−4.84E+08	0.383	↓^b	ns	Decrease in both
15	Alpha-1 microglycoprotein (bikunin)	AMBP		−1.00E+09	0.016	−3.25E+08	0.039	↓^b	↓^b
16	Apolipoprotein M	APOM		−2.25E+07	0.016	−1.50E+06	0.641	↓^b	ns
17	Attractin	ATRN		−3.18E+07	0.016	−1.94E+07	0.109	↓^b	ns
18	Cholinesterase (Butyrylcholine esterase)	BCHE		−1.94E+07	0.016	−8.72E+06	0.063	↓^b	ns
19	Complement C1r subcomponent	C1R		−1.11E+07	0.219	−5.45E+06	0.008	ns	↓^b
20	C4b-binding protein alpha chain	C4BPA		−1.80E+08	0.016	−2.77E+07	0.383	↓^b	ns
21	Monocyte differentiation antigen CD14	CD14		−2.90E+06	0.813	−1.18E+07	0.039	ns	↓^b
22	Complement Factor H	CFH		−3.90E+08	0.031	−2.20E+07	0.641	↓^b	ns
23	Clusterin	CLU		−5.50E+07	0.047	−6.80E+07	0.195	↓^b	ns
24	Collagen alpha-3(VI)	COL6A3	9.1	−4.14E+04	0.031	−3.63E+03	0.188	↓^b	ns
25	Carboxypeptidase N catalytic chain	CBPN1		−1.00E+07	0.016	−6.39E+06	0.313	↓^b	ns
26	Carboxypeptidase N subunit 2	CPN2		−6.16E+07	0.016	−9.10E+07	0.016	↓^b	↓^b
27	Fibulin-2 (EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1)	EFEMP1	1.6	−2.14E+07	0.016	−8.66E+06	0.008	↓^b	↓^b
28	Fibulin-1	FBLN1		−3.73E+07	0.016	−2.41E+07	0.039	↓^b	↓^b
29	Fibrinogen alpha chain	FGA		−4.39E+06	0.047	−4.69E+06	0.461	↓^b	ns
30	Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2	IGFBP2	9	−2.96E+07	0.016	−1.71E+06	0.094	↓^b	ns
31	Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2	ITIH2		−4.56E+08	0.047	−3.70E+07	0.461	↓^b	ns
32	Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H3	ITIH3		−4.17E+07	0.016	−8.63E+06	0.078	↓^b	ns
33	Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4	ITIH4	1.4	−4.80E+08	0.016	−2.27E+08	0.055	↓^b	ns
34	Phosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferase	LCAT		−1.52E+07	0.016	−8.65E+06	0.148	↓^b	ns
35	Galectin-3-binding protein	LGALS3BP		−3.73E+07	0.047	−3.84E+07	0.008	↓^b	↓^b
36	Lumican	LUM		−1.87E+08	0.016	−9.11E+07	0.008	↓^b	↓^b
37	72 kDa type IV collagenase	MMP2	2.3	−1.30E+06	0.031	−5.69E+05	0.063	↓^b	ns
38	Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase	PTGDS		−1.54E+07	0.031	−7.10E+06	0.156	↓^b	ns
39	Sulfhydryl oxidase 1	QSOX1		−4.66E+05	0.297	−6.43E+05	0.039	ns	↓^b
40	Heparin cofactor 2	SERPIND1		−3.60E+07	0.078	−7.90E+07	0.039	ns	↓^b
41	Plasma protease C1 inhibitor	SERPING1		−4.37E+08	0.016	−5.66E+08	0.016	↓^b	↓^b
42	Sex hormone-binding globulin	SHBG	1.8	−3.82E+08	0.016	−1.68E+07	0.008	↓^b	↓^b
43	Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein	AHSG		4.30E+08	0.297	−1.06E+09	0.023	ns	↓^b	Increase in SSNS Decrease in SRNS
44	Complement Factor I	CFI		1.99E+07	0.016	−1.75E+07	0.313	↑^b	ns
45	Tetranectin	CLEC3B		4.08E+07	0.016	−2.39E+07	0.25	↑^b	ns
46	Coagulation factor XII	F12		5.75E+07	0.016	−2.40E+06	0.945	↑^b	ns
47	Prothrombin	F2		3.60E+08	0.047	−2.65E+07	0.742	↑^b	ns
48	Fetuin B	FETUB	0.5	8.27E+06	0.109	−3.32E+06	0.039	ns	↓^b
49	Vitamin D-binding protein	VDB	0.7	4.70E+08	0.031	−4.10E+08	0.055	↑^b	ns
50	Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3	IGFBP3		3.50E+06	0.047	−4.75E+05	1	↑^b	ns
51	Corticosteroid binding globulin	SERPINA6		1.05E+08	0.016	−1.69E+07	0.461	↑^b	ns
52	Thyroxine-binding globulin	SERPINA7		5.20E+06	0.734	−1.05E+07	0.008	ns	↓^b
53	Antithrombin-III	SERPINC1	0.7	3.85E+08	0.016	−4.75E+07	0.641	↑^b	ns
54	Pigment epithelium-derived factor	SERPINF1		4.96E+07	0.031	−9.90E+06	0.945	↑^b	ns
55	Alpha-2-antiplasmin	SERPINF2		1.50E+08	0.031	−1.09E+08	0.188	↑^b	ns
56	Vitronectin	VTN		1.85E+08	0.156	−1.53E+08	0.016	ns	↓^b
57	Adiponectin	ADIPOQ	1.8	−8.86E+07	0.016	1.99E+07	0.383	↓^b	ns	Decrease in SSNS Increase in SRNS
58	Apolipoprotein A1	APOA1		−9.00E+08	0.375	2.04E+09	0.047	ns	↑^b
59	Apolipoprotein B	APOB		−2.50E+07	0.016	4.21E+06	0.844	↓^b	ns
60	Apolipoproten C1	APOC1		−5.57E+08	0.031	1.17E+08	0.133	↓^b	ns
61	Apolipoprotein C2	APOC2		−3.62E+08	0.016	6.50E+06	0.844	↓^b	ns
62	Complement factor H-related protein 1	CFHR1		−9.10E+07	0.016	2.35E+07	1	↓^b	ns
63	Properdin	CFP		−1.36E+07	0.016	6.01E+06	0.195	↓^b	ns
64	Hepatocyte growth factor activator	HGFAC		−9.69E+06	0.031	0.00E+00	0.25	↓^b	ns
65	Perlecan	HSPG2		−1.49E+05	0.031	0.00E+00	0.5	↓^b	ns
66	Vasorin	VASN		−2.77E+06	0.031	4.55E+05	0.844	↓^b	ns

EGF, epidermal growth factor; GC, glucocorticoid; iBAQ, intensity-based absolute quantification; ns, not significant; SRNS, steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome; SSNS, steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome.

Negative (−) values indicate a decrease in relative plasma abundance. Positive (+) values indicate an increase in relative plasma abundance.

Bolded proteins are found in Table 2.

Italicized proteins known to be responsive to GCs.

Values represent difference in median values of post-treatment sample − pretreatment sample.

P < 0.05.