Table 6.

Bottlenecks in the data sharing and opportunities for EU action

Stakeholders	Barriers	EU-level opportunities
Policymakers	- Lack of oversight of the different insurance and reimbursement schemes - Uncertainty about the governance and responsibilities in the regulation of personalised medicine and testing	- Regularly investigate the landscape and provide best practices at the EU level - Expand the influence and the facilitating and mediating role of EU institutions in the governance and implementation of personalised medicine strategies
Industry	- Uncertainty in the different pricing and reimbursement of new and innovative technologies - Regulatory barriers to the use of data	- Create an EU-wide platform where industry and national governments can meet and discuss pricing and reimbursement of personalised medicine approaches - EU-wide multi-stakeholder policy analysis for all policies that deal with data and that can influence research (both private and public)
Patients and general public	- Lack of information on ways to participate in genomic and personalised medicine research - Lack of awareness on cross-border opportunities	- Creation of an EU-wide platform designed to share information about genomic research in different member states - Raise awareness about research participation and sensitise primary care physicians on the subject
Healthcare professionals, physicians, and researchers	- Lacking infrastructure and opportunities for research	- Promote the topics related to personalised medicine through grants and research funding allowing researchers to access state-of-the-art equipment