Table 8.
Barriers to integration of genomics into healthcare | Stakeholders at the European level | Potential action points |
---|---|---|
Data integration and interpretation | Elixir, BBMRI, bioinformatics research institutions | Integration, aggregation, and analysis of existing genomic datasets at the European level Oversight of the collection and analysis of new genomic data at the European level |
Workforce capacity and capability | European medical universities, medical schools, academic hospitals | Integration of genomics and principles of personalised healthcare inside of the medical, nursing and healthcare curriculums Introduction of career-long education programmes regarding personalised healthcare and genomic medicine for practicing professionals |
Public acceptability and government engagement | National, local, and regional governments at the member state levels European Union |
Introduction of outreach methods for the general public |
Paucity of evidence for clinical utility | Research centers and funding institutions | Support and grants for studies aimed at producing clinical evidence |
Cost-effectiveness | HTA institutions, healthcare payers | More transparency, data sharing, and exchange of best practices to support reimbursement of personalised healthcare and genomic technologies |
Ethical and legislative issues | EU and country-level legislators, patient organizations, medical-ethical committees | Development of model for ethical guidance and coordination of personalised healthcare activities Compilation of rigorous ethical standards and best practices to support roll-out of genomic technologies |