Table 1.

Characteristics of studies (Part 1)

Study author	Year of publication	Origin/ country of origin	Aims/purpose	Study population	Methodology/ methods	Context
Gandhi et al [26]	2003	USA	To determine the rates, types, severity and preventability of adverse events related to drugs and to identify preventative strategies	1202 outpatients visiting adult primary care practices in Boston (2 hospital-based and 2 community based)	Prospective cohort study involving a survey of patients and a chart review of patients visiting primary care practices	Primary care practices
Gurwitz et al [27]	2005	USA, Canada	To assess the incidence of adverse drug and risk factors of adverse drug events in the long-term care setting	Long stay residents of two large academic long-term care facilities in Connecticut (1229 beds), USA and Ontario, Canada.	Prospective cohort study involving review of medical records for possible drug related events	Long term Care facilities
Hakkarainen et a [28]	2014	Sweden	To estimate the prevalence of adverse drug events (ADEs) in 3 months and categorize them into preventable ADEs	5025 adults’ medical records were drawn from inpatient care, outpatient clinics and primary care departments from the Swedish county council	Retrospective review of medical records	Outpatients clinic and primary care departments
Jacobs & Ross [29]	2012	South Africa	To examine the adverse effect in a sample of outpatient in Multi-drug resistant Tuberculosis clinic	Patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis	A retrospective review of 350 patients with multidrug resistance tuberculosis in 2010 to 2011	Outpatient clinic
Kaushal et al [30]	2007	USA	To investigate the rates and types of adverse drug events in a pediatric ambulatory setting	Children under 21 years that received a prescription during their visits	A prospective cohort study of prescription reviews, telephone surveys at 6 office practices in Greater Boston over 2 months period	Ambulatory care
Kowski et al [31]	2016	Germany	To assess the adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in epilepsy outpatient clinic.	Epilepsy patients taking antiepileptic.	Patients over 16 years age with epilepsy for over 12 months were asked to complete Liverpool Adverse Event Profile (LAEP).	Epilepsy outpatient
Lahon et al [21]	2012	India	To study the prevalence and pattern, as well as the causality, severity and preventability of adverse drug reaction (ADR) of antipsychotics, antidepressants and mood stabilizers prescribed at this particular hospital	222 patients visiting	Retrospective observational study of	Psychiatric outpatient clinic
Li & Tian [33]	2014	Singapore	To assess adverse drug reaction in oral antibiotics used in dermatological indications	28 outpatient cases from National Skin Centre, Singapore in 2013	Retrospective case review of outpatient reported on adverse drug reaction	Outpatient clinics
Lin et al [34]	2008	Taiwan	To identify the risk factors, prevalence, and adverse outcomes of potentially inappropriate medication use	Patients aged 65+ with long-term diseases requiring prescriptions for treatment	Observational cohort study of computerised claims of elderly patients aged 65+ with chronic conditions requiring long term prescriptions from a tertiary medical centre in March 2005	Primary care
Milligan et al [35]	2012	UK	To analyse adverse drug events in relation to insulin therapy/oral glucose- lowering agents in care home setting	Older patients in nursing homes.	A retrospective audit of Reports from National Patient Safety Agency between January 1st 2005 and December 31st 2009.	Residential Nursing homes
Montserrat-Capella et al [36]	2015	Mexico,Peru, Brazil, Colombia	To determine the frequency of adverse events and preventability of such events in selected ambulatory care sites	2080 patients in outpatient clinics across Latin American countries	Multinational observational cohort study of a random selection of 2080 patients in outpatient clinics across Latin American countries.	Ambulatory care
Rosales et al (abstract) [37]	2015	Spain	To outline the incidence and characteristics of moderate to severe ADR to biological agents in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients	Rheumatoid arthritis patients	Observational longitudinal study from 1999 to 2013 of RA patients followed up in outpatient clinic	Outpatient
Schildmeijer et al [38]	2018	Sweden	To investigate the origin, incidence, types and preventability of adverse events that occur in patients receiving homecare	Home care patients	Retrospective record review of healthcare records of 600 patients	Home care
Shehab et al [39]	2008	USA	To estimate and compare the numbers and rates of emergency department visits due to systemic antibiotics related adverse effects	outpatients visiting ambulatory care practices	Retrospective audit of the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-Cooperative Adverse Drug Event Surveillance project (2004–2006) and outpatient prescriptions from national sample surveys of ambulatory care practices	Ambulatory care practices
Theitler et al (Abstract) [40]	2016	Czech Republic	To evaluate the rate of adverse event in a cohort of elderly patients with epilepsy	115 epilepsy patients aged between 60 to 90	Retrospective review of computerised databases and medical records of patients aged over 65 in epilepsy outpatient clinic from February 2012 to February 2016	Outpatient
Tomlin et al [41]	2012	New Zealand	To examine the adverse effect in a general practice setting	338,931 patients visiting 30 general practices	A review of electronic clinical records of 338,931 patients from 2002 to 2007 from patient management systems	General practice settings
Tsang et al [42]	2010	UK	To identify the rate and types of adverse events in primary care	Patients that used primary care practices in the UK	Descriptive analyses of data extracted from clinical information management systems	Primary care practices
Woods et al [43]	2007	USA	To investigate the epidemiology of errors and adverse events in ambulatory care	Patients who experienced adverse events in ambulatory care that led to hospitalization	A retrospective review of 14,700 hospital discharge records samples in Colorado and Utah Medical Practices	Primary care
Wucherer et al [44]	2017	Germany	To determine prevalence and types of drug related problems in community-dwelling residents whom are positive for dementia	Participants screened positive for dementia	Retrospective analysis of medication reviews of 446 participants by pharmacists using a comprehensive baseline assessment	General Practice